Interpreting Research Findings Essay

What follows are my responses to the hypothetical students who responded to the topic: â€Å"The human mind is a very powerful tool of research. How does the mind use statistics, deductive logic, and inductive reasoning to interpret research findings? † Student #1. Since you provided the reference for your response, you may not understand the meaning of plagiarism. For example, the statement from Pinker’s article (p. 2): â€Å"In this conception, a computational system †¦ into existence† appears in your response, without quotation marks or a page reference. The addition of the parenthesized word â€Å"mind† does not make the excerpt yours. There are similar examples throughout your response. You might have had difficulty in reading a highly theoretical article: one that actually is from a scholarly journal (Pinker, 2005) and does not address the question of using â€Å"statistics, deductive logic, and inductive reasoning to interpret research findings†. Despite adding these phrases to statements from Pinker (paragraphs 2 and 3), you did not answer the question. Student #2. Your first three sentences, though interesting, aren’t related to the question. Note too that conclusions based on using the scientific method are not â€Å"right answers/outcomes. † The closest one can come to a â€Å"right answer† requires doing an experiment and then using inferential statistics to conclude that the probability of finding a result such as yours by chance is so low (e. g. , < . 05 or . 01) that it’s reasonable to conclude your experimental manipulation caused your results (Levin, 1999). Almost your entire response is related to descriptive statistics, only one part of the question. Your quote about deductive logic (the only route to certainty) does not explain how it is used, and your quote about inductive reasoning is not, in itself, a complete explanation of how such reasoning is used. Student #3. Your response was very good. Note that it isn’t possible to free one’s â€Å"mind of bias,† which is why methods are used to prevent human biases from influencing the results, as in the classic double-blind experiment, where neither participants nor researchers know who is receiving the placebo and who is receiving the medication (Levin, 1999). Also, your son’s conclusion was valid – a conclusion is valid if it must be true if the premise is true. He was incorrect because his premise was incorrect (typical of a bright three-year-old). Also, your discussion of inductive reasoning was weak – try thinking in terms of â€Å"inferential statistics. † As an aside, there were some violations of APA rules regarding citations and references. Student #4. Unfortunately, your response does not begin to address the question. Also, in answering a question you weren’t asked, you reached conclusions that have been disconfirmed in previous research. For example, there’s a strong relationship between the behavior of peers and a teenager’s use of nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, etc. , but not a relationship between parent and child use of these substances (reviewed in Harris, 1995). It’s true that â€Å"educational and prevention programs† have not been â€Å"cost effective,† but there’s no evidence that such programs are effective at all, i. e. , that they influence teenage-smoking. Before you reach a conclusion on the â€Å"something† you will study, you need to read the relevant literature on previous research. Student #5. In a response as brief as yours, the first two sentences should have been related to answering the question. I also have no idea of what your answer means: â€Å"to form somewhat of an ‘argument’ that helps to interpret research findings. † In discussing deductive reasoning, you needed to explain that incorrect premises can result in valid but incorrect conclusions and that factually correct premises can result in incorrect conclusions if the hypothesized conclusions are invalid (e. g. , in the classic example, knowing that â€Å"all men are mortal and that Socrates was mortal† does not imply that â€Å"Socrates was a man†). You also did not explain how statistics and inductive reasoning are used. Student #6. First, you did not provide any source(s). Had you used a book on statistics and design, e. g. , Levin, 1999, you would have avoided some errors, described below. Your examples of descriptive statistics are accurate, but your explanation of inferential statistics is not. A sample is used to generalize about a population, not about a larger sample. Also, if â€Å"blue† were the favorite color of 80 people in a sample of 100, you could not conclude (or â€Å"speculate†) that if you sample 1000 people, blue would be the favorite color of 800. You could conclude, for example, that if you repeatedly (infinitely) sampled 100 people from the same population, the probability of failing to find that a majority favor â€Å"blue† is known and small (e. g. , . 05 or . 01). It may be important to understand correlational research, but the question was to explain how particular tools were used to interpret research findings. One tool, deductive logic, does not, as you stated, â€Å"indicate that a series of statements are facts. † You also needed to use quotation marks in your statement from Kerlinger, 1986, â€Å"Hypotheses are declarative †¦ more variables† and the full Kerlinger reference should have been provided (you should not have included references you had not cited). Finally, your conclusion regarding your dissertation suggests you do not understand how the three research tools noted in the question are used, e. g. , do you intend to use statistics only in your literature review? References Harris, J. R. (1995). Where is the child’s environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102, 458-490. Levin, I. P. (1999). Relating statistics and experimental design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Pinker, S. (2005). So how does the mind work? Mind & Language, 20, 1-24.

Into the Nature of Relationships in Different Cultures

Relationships Discuss research into the nature of relationships in different cultures. (9 marks + 16 marks) In Western Cultures, it has been found that relationships are voluntary, temporary and focus on the needs of the individual as due to the predominantly urban settings in which we live in, we are able to (on a daily basis) interact with a large number of people. Western cultures therefore appear to be characterised by a high degree of choice in personal relationships and a greater ‘pool’ of potential relationships.Non-western cultures however, have less choice about whom they interact with on a daily basis, meaning that interaction with strangers are rare and relationships are frequently tied to other factors, such as family or economic resources. In societies with reduced mobility, (predominantly non-western cultures) arranged marriages are common as love is expected to grow due to the fact that it is not seen as necessary for marriage.Arranged marriages seem to wo rk well and make good sense as divorce rates are low and Epstein (2002) found that perhaps about half of them report that they have fallen in love with each other. Myers et al. , (2005) studied individuals in India living in arranged marriages and found no differences in marital satisfaction in comparison to individuals in non-arranged marriages in the US. This is also supported by Gupta and Singh (1982) who studied 100 degree-educated couples living in India, 50 of who had chosen their partners and 50 of who had their marriages arranged for them.The couples were asked to indicate how much they liked/loved their partners and it was found that love and liking was high in love marriages but decreased whereas love increased in arranged marriages and after 10 years exceeded love marriages. However, this study is difficult to generalise as it studies only a small sample and so cannot be generalised to the wider population. It therefore lacks validity. However, in some adapting cultures s uch as China, there has been a noticeable increase in ‘love matches’ as the Chinese are currently attempting to move away from traditional ‘arranged’ marriages.Instances in which parents dominate the process of partner choice in china have declined from 70% prior to 1949, to less than 10% in the 1990s. Xioahe and Whyte (1990) studied women in love marriages and found that they were more satisfied than those in arranged marriages. Western cultures are also seen as individualistic due to their focuses on individuals rather than groups, with individual happiness and pleasure seen as fundamentally important. On the other hand, non-western cultures are seen as collectivist cultures as people are encouraged to be interdependent rather than independent.Moghaddam et al. (1993) claim that the cultural attitudes of individualist cultures, are consistent with the formation of relationships that are based on freedom of choice, whereas collectivism leads to relationship s that may have more to do with the concerns of family or group. Norms and rules act as guidelines for behaviour and influence how we act out any given relationship. One such norm that plays a key part in personal relationships is the norm of reciprocity.Ting-Toomey (1986) found that in individualist cultures, reciprocity in personal relationships tend to be voluntary. In collectivist cultures however, it is more obligatory. In such cultures, failure to return a favour is seen as a failure of one’s moral duty. In Japanese culture, for example, there are specific rules about gift-giving and reciprocating, whereas n such formal norms exist in Western cultures. Argyle et al. ’s cross-cultural comparison of relationship rules in different cultures did find support for some predictions but failed to support others.However, a problem with this research is that the list of rules was formulated in the UK and may have failed to include rules that are specific to a particular cu lture such as Japan. Research on cross-cultural differences in norms and rules is important to be able to conduct cross-cultural relationships successfully. Knowledge of the norms and rules underlying cross-cultural relationships is an important aspect of any attempt to understand and improve relations between different cultural groups within a host country. Finally, relationships are difficult to study scientifically.Laboratory experiments, through the manipulation of isolated variables, are seen as the most rigorous way of establishing cause and effect, and he best way of furthering our understanding of the processes involved in human relationships. However, as Hogg and Vaughan (2008) point out, people do bring their cultural ‘baggage’ into the laboratory. Although cultural background may be seen as a problematic extraneous variable to some researchers, it is clear that culture itself is an important variable that influences the relationship processes being studied.

Anti-Inflammatory Drug Tests

Anti-Inflammatory Drug Tests The method described by Lorke with slight modification was used to determine the safety of the MEA. Briefly, normal healthy male mice were divided into groups of five mice in each cage. MEA (100 and 1000 mg/kg) or vehicle were intraperitoneally administered. Access to food and water, toxic symptoms and the general behavior of mice were observed continuously for 1 h after the treatment, intermittently for 4 h, and thereafter over a period of 24 h. The mice were further observed for up to 14 days following treatment for any signs of toxicity and mortality. Result Over the study duration of 14 days, there were no deaths recorded in the groups of mice given 100 or 1000 mg/kg IP of MEA. During the observation period, MEA administration did not induce any variations in the general appearance or toxic signs in the animals. The writhing test has long been used as a screening tool for the assessment of analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties of new substances (Collier et al., 1968). This m ethod presents a good sensitivity, although it has poor specificity. To avoid misinterpretation of the results, in the present study the antinociceptive effects of MEA were confirmed in the formalin test, a model of inflammatory pain which has two distinctive phases which may indicate different types of pain (Hunskaar and Hole, 1987). The early and late phases of formalin test have obvious differential properties, and therefore this test is useful not only for assessing the analgesic substances, but also for elucidating the mechanism of analgesia (Shibata et al., 1989). The early phase,  named non-inflammatory pain, is a result of direct stimulation of nociceptors and reflects centrally-mediated pain; the late phase,  named inflammatory pain, is caused by local inflammation with a release of inflammatory and hyperalgesic mediators (Hunskaar  and Hole, 1987). The thermal model of the tail-flick test is considered to be a spinal reflex, but could also involve higher neural struc tures, and therefore this method identifies mainly central analgesics (Jensen and Yaksh, 1986; Le Bars et al., 2001). Due to their implication in virtually all human and animal diseases, inflammation and pain have become the focus of global scientific research. Adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids have necessitated the search for new drugs with minimal side effects (Dharmasiri et al.,2003; Vittalrao et al., 2011). The current trend of research is the investigation of medicines of plant origin because of their affordability and accessibility with minimal side effects. The thermal model of the tail-flick test is considered to be a spinal reflex, but could also involve higher neural structures, and therefore this method identifies mainly central analgesics (Jensen and Yaksh, 1986; Le Bars et al., 2001). The analgesic activity of Cyathula prostrata in this study was investigated using the hot plate and mouse writhing tests. The hot plate test is useful for the evaluation of centrally acting analgesics which are known to elevate the pain threshold of mice towards  heat (Hiruma-Lima et al., 2000). It also indicates narcotic involvement with opioid receptor (Turner, 1965). The writhing model is a sensitive method for screening peripheral analgesic efficacy agents and it is more sensitive to non-steroidal analgesics (Collier et al., 1963). The analgesic effect of acetic acid is due to the liberation and increased level of several mediators such as histamine and serotonin which act by stimulation of peripheral nociceptive neurons (Cui et al., 2010).

Quality Improvement Project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Quality Improvement Project - Coursework Example There is the need to have clear aims of improvement, ways of monitoring the progress, as well as the willingness among all the clinicians to implement changes whenever evidence is presented. For this to be achieved Clinicians should lead in the health care reforms and avoid being destructed or driven by the existing regulations, payments or otherwise fear of the unknown. There are tools and methods that can help the clinicians to work together in studying the practice issues to help them arrive at agreed upon method. One of the nurse-sensitive indicator that clinicians should consider as a means to implementing changes in health care services is the Dengue Fever infections, which is one of the break bone fever. The dengue fever is among the known infectious tropical diseases brought about by the dengue virus (WHO, 1997). Dengue disease is among the emerging infectious diseases that has been posing threats to the human population commonly in blood transfusion recipients. It is current ly an expanding problem in both the tropical, as well as subtropical regions (Knoop, 2010). On the global scale, it is the most frequent arbiviral infectious disease, estimated at 100 million cases for dengue fever yearly, 300,000 cases for dengue hermorrhagic, and about 30,000 deaths annually (Gubler, 2010). The infections for Dengue virus are reported in more than one hundred countries, with estimated 2.5 billion people living in dengue endemic areas. It has been reported that Dengue cases commonly occur among the international travelers (Chen, 2010). It has, therefore, emerged to be a major concern for the international public health. Dengue disease is transmitted by some mosquito species in the genus Aedes. Some of the symptoms of dengue fever include pains of the muscles and joints, fever, and headaches. It is characterized by the skin rash resembling measles rushes (Chen, 2010). The disease might develop into dengue hemorrhage fever, which is life-threatening and this might le ad to bleeding, low blood pressures and plasma leakages (Suharyono, 2007). So far, there is no known developed vaccine for the disease. Prevention of the disease is, therefore, sought through the reduction of the habitat and the mosquitoes, as well as limiting exposures to the mosquito bites. The environment that aggravates the occurrence of dengue infections include the mosquito prone environments such as tropical warm regions, bushy areas that favor mosquito breeding, and other conducive mosquito favoring conditions (Wolff, & Johnson, 2009). For the past ten years, incidences of dengue fever have dramatically increased in Villas de Trujillo. Reported cases range from five thousands to ten thousands per year in Villas de Trujillo area alone. This paper explores the planning of a Dengue Community Action Program, which is meant to reduce the rising cases of Dengue infections in Villas de Trujillo. The paper involves examining of the authentic workplace quality improvement need for th e residents of Villas de Trujillo using data to support Dengue community Action Program, applying the quality improvement model in the identified need, determining members of the quality improvement team, and identifying a leader who would champion the quality improvement initiative. To address the issues listed above, the paper is segmented into five parts. Part one involves clearly

Strategic role of employee benefit and legally required benefits Essay

Strategic role of employee benefit and legally required benefits (human resource management) - Essay Example The roles of these benefits are many in the motivation process of staff members. The most fundamental benefit is the health insurance benefit insurance where the employee can visit medical specialists whenever he falls sick. This serves as an encouraging factor to the employee enabling him to recover quickly and prevent the spread of the disease to the rest of the staff. An employer can offer a paid vacation for the employees to break the sight of the job in order to be more productive. The paid vacation provides a positive working environment and has different structures according to the employer’s designation (McFadden and Beam, 2010). The paid leave benefit also functions similarly as the health insurance benefit as it allows the sick person stay at home while recovering without the business jeopardizing the paychecks. They may be inform of maternity leave and paid sick leave. Retirement benefit plan allows employees prepare for their futures after they have aged. This motivates the employee to work harder and even spend over the business because his f uture has assurance. Business organization must under legal obligation, provide certain benefits to the employees. These benefits have guarantee in the constitution. These benefits are like the social security and Medicare (Butler, 2009). The business in question should provide about 90 percent of the social security fund of any employee. This social security funds cover the medical bills, retirement benefits and the survivor benefits. Any employee is legally entitled for unemployment compensation, which also forms part of the social security funds (McFadden and Beam, 2010). The business according to this act should provide income to the employees during the periods of involuntary unemployment. Workers compensation is also a mandated to employees where the employees and their families should continue getting salary incase the employee in question

Why can't pioneering innovative companies sustain their first mover Essay

Why can't pioneering innovative companies sustain their first mover advantages - Essay Example The breakthrough product for this Canadian company has remained to be the BlackBerry (Sweeny 2009). However, the arrival of iPhone in the market has overturned everything for Research in Motion leaving the company struggling to cope with the fast follower’s challenge. Rivals such as Google and Apple which performed well in the market have led to a downward performance in the company’s stock prices. Apple first launched iPhone, a device which took a dominant position in the market and more so in the consumer segment and is now taking leads in the corporate market where BlackBerry’s were dominant.... That is, the company has recorded ups and downs of 15% over the last 3 years when it comes to its share prices. This is because of the existence of stiff competitors in the market competing for the same market share with Research in Motion Ltd. The ups and downs in the share prices of Research in Motion Ltd may also be attributed to consumption of its market share by the competitors and especially in the consumer market. The introduction of new and improved products in the market by the competitors has made BlackBerry’s less competitive making RIM Ltd loose its significant number of consumers. Source: http://www.bloomberg.com/quote/BB:CN/chart When the BlackBerry’s become less competitive, the stocks also become less competitive a situation which has led to the reduction in stock prices. The increased competition and a reduction in market share have led to a reduction in the total volume of stocks traded in each trading day. Analysts also attributed the drop in stock pr ices in the company to the increased prices of the new BlackBerry mobile phones, a price which is too high for the emerging markets. With the increased prices, the company has been having huge problems attracting customers away from Androids by Google and iPhone platforms by Apple Inc. Source: https://www.google.com/finance?cid=663276 2. First mover advantages of Research in Motion’s BlackBerry BlackBerry was the first brand to be introduced in the market with mobile email which was highly compatible with the corporate requirements. BlackBerry then become the market leader and has continued being the market leader. BlackBerry was the brand in the market to integrate mobile communication, corporate email and internet capabilities

Health and Wellness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Health and Wellness - Essay Example In explaining the sources of important nutrients, I used the PowerPoint presentations to make the learning process easier. It is said that a person can forget verbal discussion after a span of time but the visual impact of PowerPoint presentations can last for a longer time period. To make the process better next time, I will give a chart of the different sources of essential vitamins and proteins. Nowadays, an individual has a busy lifestyle, so there are chances that he or she may follow the health routine initially, but with time may become unenthusiastic and forget. But, if chart is ready at hand he or she can instruct someone else to make the food as per the chart. My friend’s relative was very keen to know the details of good nutrition and my friend had told me about her persistent health problems. She was very enthusiastic about the learning process. During the course of our discussion I came to know that she had Nutrition at the Secondary school level so it was easier for her to understand things. This activity taught me to simplify the technical things and using words that a lay man can be comfortable with. This experience helped me to brush up my knowledge. It also taught me how to communicate the technical things in an easy and clear way to others. Basically, it gave me a practical exposure to the problems that a person with nutrition deficiency faces. The assignment provides an insight into the health and wellness related issues and does not require any changes.

Global Marketing and the Digital Revolution Research Paper

Global Marketing and the Digital Revolution - Research Paper Example line, the development of the paperless society and the increasing influence of electronic money transfer, the innovation in mobile apps and internet enabled mobile phones, the development of electronic data exchange (EDE) and the increasing development of social media represents some of the developments arising out of the digital revolution. The advent of the internet and its related social media networks has significantly affected and influenced the concept of marketing and the specific roles of marketing professionals (Jurras, 2012). Social media networks such as Facebook, instagram, pinterest and twitter are forever transforming the landscape of the marketing function and how consumers interact with each other, products and organizations. Jurras argues that with many consumers having online presence and finding it increasingly convenient and safe to engage in online purchases and payments, only firms with an effective social media strategy will achieve a cutting edge in the highly competitive global industry. Social media networks represent an online community of customers with shared attributes, characteristics and interests. These social media sites employ virtual and internet accessible technologies such as smart phones and tablets to facilitate real time interaction and connectivity of online consumers. The customers share their thoughts, experiences with products and organizations, their perceptions regarding the ability of certain products to meet their needs and preferences, and their likes and dislikes about particular brands (Field, 2013). Astute social marketers are increasingly recognizing the importance of social media sites, especially instagram, to interact with the online consumers, develop and enhance brand awareness, and implement their market communication strategies and campaigns. Field (2013) observes that small and local businesses are no longer disadvantaged in regards to size and financial capital because they do not need to be

Decision making models Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decision making models - Research Paper Example The Five Step Model by Harvard Business School and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (A.H.P) by Thomas L. Saaty are two vital decision making models. These models have strengths and weaknesses, and they contrast in their mode of approaching issues and problems. They also differ in their application. According to the five step decision making model, managers make decisions on a daily basis, which impact on the company. Some of the decisions have straightforwardness such as the determination of subordinates to delegate duties. Though such a decision may seem straightforward, it requires the manager to have a satisfactory knowledge of his/her subordinates for effective and efficient delegation (Milkman, Chugh, & Bazerman, 2008). Other decisions such as tendering and employment decisions have complex characteristics. Also, decision making process cannot be described as an easy process because some of the decisions may involve risks, trade off and interplay of other factors, which include cost, and risk of failure or undesirable outcome (Harvard Business School, 2006). Decision-making is a complex process especially when it involves uncertainty and raises interpersonal issues. Uncertainty causes hesitation because individuals may feel that they lack facts that enable them to make desirable decisions. Some individuals may choose not to make decisions than take a leap to uncertainty. According to Harvard Business Essentials, decision-making involves five steps, which include the, establishment of a context for success, framing the issues properly and generating alternatives. It also involves an evaluation of the alternatives and choosing alternatives that work the best (Harvard Business School, 2006). The establishment of a context for success involves the creation of an environment that enables effective decisions to work. This process involves the evaluation of the decision maker’s surrounding to identify antithetical factors that affect sound decision-making. For instance, internal conflicts within an organization may affect the outcome of a decision (Armesh, 2005). This habit eliminates the possibility of rational thinking; hence, the management cannot sustain different levels of diverse opinions (Harvard Business School, 2006). Other organizations do not support open communication, which may, affects decision-making. An all-powerful management affects decision making because decisions are made according to their preference. Decision-making needs a friendly environment that ensures the right individuals participate in the process. The decision makers or those involved in the process should meet in a physical setting that encourages deliberation and careful thinking. Such an environment has ground rules for determining decision-making (Harvard Business School, 2006). In decision-making, successful decisions depend on the clear understanding of issues at hand. It also depends in an understanding of the issue’s impact on the compan y or business. Therefore, it becomes crucial to determine the character of the issue. Framing the problem offers an opportunity to ask the correct questions to the right people. It is vital for the decision makers to frame the problem in a manner that does not constrain potential solutions to the problem. Framing the issue involves questions on how the issues/situation rose, and how to solve the situation (Harvard Business

Manage Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Manage Projects - Essay Example Procurement management plan was designed to define the process and requirements for the project and a closeout report is presented here. This plan united the scope of the project with the risks associated with procurement. The plan elaborated the process from procurement planning to procurement closeout. From the first step of documentation to the contract closeout, procurement management takes into account all the risks that may occur in the process. The damage of these risks was not enormous however; procurement management deals with these risks beforehand and protects the organization from loss. The procurement process runs smoothly as all the precautionary steps were taken. There was no risk of understatement or overstatement of goods which protected the project from bearing high cost. This project was chosen because the organization needed high quality shrubs, tires and bricks and company’s capacity isn’t enough to produce such items inside the company. The project remained well under the limit of $575,000 with $5000 to spare and they were spent on taking care of buyer’s claims. Project finished before the planned deadline. Out of the identified risks, delayed delivery affected the schedule of the project by two days but it was covered up due to manager’s efficiency. Financial forecasts were very accurate as the whole project was accomplished within the monitory limitations. Management was present and available for supervision. All major management was performed by the procurement project manager but senior management was available for support and necessary tasks; approval for solicitation etc. Finances were also managed adequately. Approval from CFO was taken before planning the whole procurement. Project team worked effectively and efficiently with the stakeholders. Hierarchy was designed specifically for the whole procurement process. The project manager was responsible for the success

Hot-Button Issue Paper Essay Example for Free

Hot-Button Issue Paper Essay Nowadays one of most concerning topic in today’s media is sex and violence. Determining what’s â€Å"too much† for children is not an easy task, because every parent has their personal preferences about such matters. But determining the actual effects of media violence on children gives rise a problem in itself, as it’s quite tricky to actually determine what â€Å"violent media† means to the children (Cutler, 2002). There were many children friendly shows back in the days, shows that taught some useful lessons to the children in a non-violent manner. Shows like Ducktales or Darkwing Duck are examples of such shows that children not only could enjoy, but also learn some valuable lessons from. Even vintage video games like Super Mario was just a fun seeking game that children could enjoy and parents didn’t have to worry about their effects on their children too. But if we look at the TV shows, movies and games in the present, it’s quite obvious that the use of excessive violence has crawled its’ way into almost every form of media. Another problem is the increase of usage of sexual acts in the media. There are open discussions of sex and enactments of sexual activities in almost all the TV shows and movies. In the past, TV shows mostly showed two persons getting into bed and the next scene took us to the next day. There were no enactments of sexual activities in the shows. But today, almost every show on every premium channels show fully nude persons or even the acts of having sex. The media industries have been strongly resisting such arguments that the usage of scenes containing sex, violence, and drug usage in TV, music, radio and movies is directly related to the increasing cases of negative behavior buildups in the society, (Anderson, 2002). Canceling such shows is the only way to get rid of sex from the TV. But doing so creates the possibility that children will grow up without the knowledge of sex. They might grow up and have to face the big bad world without anyone to properly guide them into making the right decisions. So it’s essential for them to learn the correct decisions at an early age, so  that they don’t make any decision that could destroy their life forever. You might be able to control the TV shows on their usage of sex and violence; but what about other for ms of media such as magazines, internet, books, music, and movies? Nowadays media has an array of methods to attract peoples’ eyes. They can target audiences of any age or group by tempting their senses. Teenagers are often attracted by violent acts, and by using this they can easily influence them. It doesn’t matter if it’s TV or the movies or the internet, violence is everywhere and trying to shut down all of them is simply not possible. Imagine yourself in a scenario where you’re changing through channels on the TV and you can’t find any shows with violence, shooting or sexual scenes. What would you do in that case, keep on watching the TV or turn it off and do something else? Doing the later would cause the viewer ratings of TV networks to go down and thus giving them the impression that they need to show more violence and sexual acts to attract the audiences. There’s no point in denying that sex and violence attract people or â€Å"sell†, so to say. Although almost 60-70 persons out of 100 say that there’s excess use of sex and violence on TV, they have to firstly watch such usage to find that out. Imagine a show that you watch on a regular basis, and you’d realize by yourself that sex and violence sell. Not a single person can be found who hasn’t seen or doesn’t know of a show that uses violence or sexual references, at the very least. Just as a children mig ht want to smoke if they see their parents smoke, they also might have the inclination towards committing crime if they see their favorite TV character commit a crime. Recently several methods have been developed to control or even block specific shows at specific times. A parental control, that gives the parents the power to block certain TV shows, is offered by every cable provider. But still, it’s the parent that must decide whether to block or not. The V-chip is a recent controlling method developed to restrict sex and violence scenes from being showed on the TV and it’s done by incorporating a small chip in the TV. But to some extent, this seems to be violating the first amendment. What someone wants to watch on their TV is their personal choice; why should they be restrained from watching something they want? It’s understandable that children shouldn’t be exposed to such shows that negatively impact their sense of judgment, but what about someone who’s an adult and willing to watch those shows? Whether you allow play in  shows containing sex and violence in your household premises is a decision that you should make, not the government. If there are children in the house, the parents should be responsible for keeping them away from shows that contain sex or violence. Another point is that most of these shows are aired at nighttime, and it’s safe to assume that children should be in the bed by that time. If kids are staying up at nights to see such shows, it’s not the networks’ fault that they are airing these shows, but it’s the parents’ fault that they can’t fulfill their responsibilities as a parent. On average, a child in the USA watches almost 28 hours of TV shows per week. Also, by the age of eleven, before finishing elementary school, a child views about 8000 murders on these TV shows. And the most terrifying fact is that in almost 75% of the cases shown in the TV, the criminal is shown to get away without being caught and feeling no remorse for their violent acts. This creates a false impression on children about violence. They often get an impractical idea about the acts of violence. Some of them feel no affect of violence whatsoever and even think that it’s cool, while other few become scared of everything around them. In 2009, the National Organization of Women reported that the most violent shows that were being aired were- Alias of ABC, Law Order: SVU of NBC and WWE: Smackdown of CW (NOW, 2009). When children watch TV shows that show someone committing a crime and getting away with it, it creates an impression on their mind that even they can get away without suffering the consequences of their actions. It’s also possible to link violent movies to several cases of assault, robbery and other anti social behaviors. People, particularly teenagers, often confuse things they watch on TV or movies with reality. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, the Columbine shooters, are a perfect example of such delusional cases. They tried to dup licate scenes from the movies The Matrix and Basketball Diaries and even dressed up in trench coats and armed themselves with guns to depict those scenes. But just watching violence on TV and movies is not the entire story, there are several other factors that shape the thoughts of persons. Information obtained from several social research studies prove that what a child learns from what he/she watches is greatly affected by his/her surrounding environment (Anderson, 2002). For instance, if a child grows up seeing domestic violence in his/her household, he/she is more likely to think that these acts of violence is acceptable in the society. He/she would  be more prone to act according to what he/she saw when growing up, thus giving him/her a completely false sense of what’s acceptable and what’s not. To those who are mentally handicapped, these effects are much more severe. Since they often have problems differentiating what’s right and what’s wrong, exposure to these sexual acts and violence change the way they think about the world and often clouds their judgments. Watching people commit crimes in the media might give them the impression that it’s okay to do such acts. In one of her studies, Sue Bailey declared that people would of ten enact scenes they saw in the media, even if those scenes were to contain violence or sexual exploitation (Anderson, 2002). This is in fact the main reason why we see so many copycat criminals nowadays. This reminds us of the Banduras theory of modeling (Sparks, 2013). Children often idolize these TV and movie characters and watching their idols beat someone, sell drugs, and committing crimes makes them want to do the same. The act of violence and their rate varies in every society, but what’s alarming is that the USA has a horrifying rate of killings and suicides in the 15 year age group. In 1995, the combined death toll of children among 26 countries was at 2872. Out of these 2872 deaths, 1446 were in the USA alone and compared with the other 25 countries; this rate was almost 5 times higher. A child’s personality also plays an important role in their vulnerability to these violent acts. From an early age, some children might have the tendency to be temperamental. Watching violent acts in the media might increase their tendency to act violently. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to acts of violence increases their chance to act according to what they see in the media. Showing sexual acts and violence in TV can, in many ways, negatively impact the society. But the most argued point is the belief that a persons’ behavior is affected by what they watch. But this seems likely only if someone was to watch only these type of shows at all times. Watching such acts on TV or movies once or twice is not going to affect someone’s personality or turn them into violent sexual offenders. Moreover, the choices someone make is their and theirs’ only to make. No one else can be blamed for their personal faults. To conclude all this discussion, today’s TV can’t be compared with the TV from 30 years ago. Today’s shows cover a more wide range of topics, represent different cultures and languages and they’re targeted for every age group. The increase in sexual scenes and acts  of violence in the media reflects the change our society has undergone in the past years. This change can’t be denied and sooner or later society has to accept that these shows are a part of this change. So rather than demanding to stop this change, it’s practical to demand that these shows should be aired at a certain t ime, thus enabling the viewers to choose what they see and what they allow their children to see. References Anderson, C. A. (2002). Violent Video Games and Hostile Expectations. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/2000-2004/02BApspb.pdf Bandura, A. (2006). Social Learning Theory. Retrieved from http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/social-learning.html Cutler, Maggie: Research on the Effects of Media Violence on Children Is Inconclusive. Is Media Violence a Problem? James D. Torr, Ed. At Issue Series. Greenhaven Press 2002 National Organization of Women. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.now.org/organization/conference/resolutions/2009.html Sparks, G. G. (2013). Media Effects Research (14th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook.

The Effect of Television on the American Culture Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Television on the American Culture Essay The television has positioned various issues pertaining to the lives of the general public in a number of ways. Undoubtedly, views and opinions of the public may be easily controlled and influenced through content of various commodities of television. People opinions may perhaps form by their views on certain subjects. Starting slightly beyond infanthood, children learn to engage in, duplicate, and imitate the accessories and fashions from movies, sitcoms, commercials, and television. Additionally, apart from producing awareness for adults, television activates certain images of ideas and factors into the minds of children. For example, television stereotype groups, in which various movies and sitcoms display how model youths act in educational institutions and individuals with turbans and beards must be terrorists. Stereotypes embed in the minds of children, and they become persuaded to pursue them in real life. Furthermore, celebrities accepting characters with nudity and cussing, creating the opinion of children and adults that it is acceptable to compromise roles and broadcast Christ. The Bible says, â€Å"And do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of God.† Television is significant to the media. Currently, television inundated a massive amount of communication that has an enormous effect in the lives of American culture. The American culture has a vast amount of information through television; it becomes very difficult to distinguish between right and wrong, or to decipher vital information from true and false. It is apparent that television has significant effect on young people, and these days practically all of them have access to television because of easy accessibility and it presents the highest degree of simulation. Visually being simulated inclines that television has an assorted kind of effect on attitudes and lives of people. It is debatable what people watch on television might shape their attitudes and behaviors that individuals holds in contradiction of or in favor of numerous issues. Such as, a television  show continuously showing youth wearing fashionable clothes with makeup, clearly, a youth that keep viewing the same ideas, views and images imposed on them by the associated media like internet and magazines, it is possible that they will begin to believe and accept similar ideas. Similarly, television may work in creating a variation of stereotypes, for instance, in high school, popular girls that are fashionable and rich, these girls become embedded in the minds of youn g girls as they are viewing television and its’ likeness. As a result, such images cause young individuals to shape certain stereotypes, attitudes, notions and ideas towards events and people surrounding them through showing what the intellect desires them to view, in which, unsurprisingly reality does not exist. We are to, â€Å"Therefore be imitators of God as dear children.† Still, television has created stereotypes from diverse cultural and social backgrounds. Such programs produces a sense of how an individual represent themselves, how an individuals’ impression in relation to ethnicity, gender and nationality they belong to or about their sexual orientation on themselves and others. Perhaps, the most significant misconception that a person may obtain from television is the description of other ethnicity or customs, which creates confusion and wrong assumptions in the mind of a child concerning people who belong to specified cultures. Studies have confirmed that television is a key influence on how to think, behave, feel, fear and believe of individuals from other ethnicities. For instance, most of action television programs present a female in distress and a male occurs to save her most times. This refers to a typical gender stereotyping, where the female portrayed as the weaker gender or sex always require rescue from a male for protection. Young people learn to respond to different ethnic groups from the knowledge attained via television programs. Such as, television programs on several occasions have depicted African Americans as generally proficient and skillful sport players. Whenever people view people playing sports, assumptions are that African American athletes are better performers than Caucasians. Above views does not assert that excellent quality cannot originate from television. A range of television programs disseminate and provide youth with massive meaningful information, for instance documentary films on National Geographic and Discovery channels pertaining to diverse events and issues in the lives of people. This positive side of television  shows, usage is a responsible, factual, and focused methodology. Society has the insight in evaluating the facts provided. These are popular television shows, which incorporate world stimulated views and opinions into the minds of people. Educational programs provide a unique amount of facts and information on diverse cultures across the world, and are beneficial in enhancing knowledge and eradicating the misconception about cultures and diverse people. In conclusion, television possibly has several significant effects on the lives of American people, for example the influence of attitude and belief of people, especially young people. Children watch television programs that could create a positive or negative impact on their minds concerning certain opinions and views. Worldwide, youth should be informed and aware of the different viewpoints that penetrate television programs, as well as implications on the different divides and cultures of society. It is apparent that television programs significantly influence the lives of people, especially children. Television programs may possibly shape opinions and views of youth in any direction, because children distinguish directly what is seen on television programs. Programs based on facts and reality may help young people comprehend society in a good manner that eventually directs them to progress. Horror television programs may have a negative influence on development of a child, which could result in long-term anxiety and fear. Altogether, these influences have a major impact on the learning and developments of children, the role of children are the future of all nations. The Bible says to, â€Å"Train up a child in the way he should go, [a]nd when he is old he will not depart from it.†

Importance of environment

Importance of environment The difference between animals and humans is that animals change themselves for the environment, but humans change the environment for themselves. Without neighborhood we are incomplete. All things Life have there surrounding locality (Environments) in the universe. Environment mean neighborhood surrounding conditions, influences, or forces, by which living forms are influenced and modified in their growth and development. Here we discus the environment, commonly known as the natural environment, which always in human interaction between culture and nature in the natural world. I try to highlight the importance of environment, there issues, its effects on our life and nature, with experts suggestions for prevention and protections. Its totally deepen on our understanding of how humans has been affected on natural environment in the past and what results. To learn the relationships between humans and the surrounding world, we must try to understand how the interaction between these two works. In the broadest sense knowledge of environments may be defined as social practices, technological and physical arrangements future to facilitate work in partnership, decision making, inference or discovery, depending on the premises and goals. Various historians had touched on environmental themes throughout history, but it was not recognized as a specific field. The modern environmental history becomes known in the late 1960s and early 1970s in union with the rise of environmentalism as a social movement. Climate is often measured a part of environmental history, and surely shares many areas of study. The period 1962 to 1970 observed slow grinding down in the popularity of the word conservation, as man by himself replaced trees and wildlife as the threatened class. Overpopulation and industrialization trapped mankind in weakening environment. The damage was threatening to the very survival of man. Environmentalism gained strength as a movement dedicated to ending- and if possible-reversing this decline in the human environment. Todays current major environmental issues are climate change, pollution and resource reductions. The protection movement lobbies efforts to protect all sort of danger cause to any ecologically valuable natural areas. In this way environmental science technologies helped humanity to study the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment. Environmental Issues in Pakistan. High growing population rate, ignorance, Industrialization, agriculture declining, problems are increasing and covered large size and all aspects of our life, which needs authoritative experts attention to be solved. There are problems like Air Pollution, Drinking water pollution, Global warming, Hazardous Waste, Ozone Depletion and many others, which makes the list endless. As globalization covers its way across the world these problems no longer remain local problems but become international issues. There are many causes of these problems, some of which are created by man and can also be controlled by man. So here we would closed our discuss some of these environmental problems in Pakistan. Uncontrolled high population growths and poor natural resource management over many has a negative impact on Pakistans environment. Agriculture and other sectors will dry up as natural resources exhaust themselves, caused by ongoing deforestation. Like other developing countries Pakistan facing fast growing, wide ranging complex environmental problems include natural hazards and disasters, power and electricity crisis, urban and industrial growth, factory and vehicle emissions have degraded air quality, polluted water supplies, waste disposal and costal marine pollution are some of the few prominent environmental challenges faced by Pakistan. Life is drawing more and more towards misery as the citizens remain deprived of the fundamentals of life. Pertaining to environmental problems we have a large list of never-ending issues, which are effecting the development and economy of the country. Lack of planning, non serious attitude failure of economic policies, continually brought Pakistan to environmental collapse. All over the world countries are facing one or the other problem related to environment, but Pakistan has become a hub all these unfortunately. The struggle to save the global environment is in one way much more difficult than the struggle to vanquish Hitler, for this time the war is with ourselves. We are the enemy, just as we have only ourselves as allies. Efforts in Pakistan Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency is an attached department of the Ministry of Environment and responsible to implement the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 in the country. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency also provides all kind of technical assistance to the Ministry of Environment for formulation of environment policy and programmed. Building on the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance of 1983, the NCSR stipulated three goals for the countrys Pakistan set three goals for the countrys environmental protection efforts: Conservation of natural resources Promotion of sustainable development Improve manage of resources efficiency. In addition, in 1993 Pakistan applied National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) (Revised in 1999) to municipal and liquid industrial effluents and industrial gaseous emissions, motor vehicle exhaust, and noise. But when new revised environmental regulations were implemented in 1999, only 3% of industries were able to pass the test for compliance. A lack of funding is evident in Pakistans environmental protection efforts. The World Banks pilot programs are designed according to the objectives and strategies of Pakistans National Conservation Strategy. However, Pakistans previous environmental record is poor, and the country has not been able to back up its commitment to environmental protection with action. It is clear that Pakistan will need to place greater emphasis on environmental protection in order to stem the countrys environmental degradation and safeguard citizens health. The objective of the event was to develop forest resources through international competition. This activity will achieve the national objective of increasing forest and will also raise awareness among masses besides creating a soft image of the country in the world. World Record of Maximum Plantation in a Single Day In view of global significance of mangrove forests, particularly in the context of the Tsunami of 2005, the GWR event was held in the Mangrove areas on the coastal islands of Sindh, which are presently devoid of vegetation. The specific site of the event was at Katti Bander in Thatta district, some 150 KM in the South East of Karachi. This is in accordance with present Governments resolve to rehabilitate Mangrove forests of Sindh by all means, in partnership with Sindh Forest Department, international and national NGOs and private sector. During this event the Pakistan broke the earlier record of planting 447,874 trees by India in June, 2009. Its a great victory but its dependent on continues regular care of that trees in the future till they becomes on self grown. In an underdeveloped country, dont drink the water; in a developed country, dont breathe the air. I think the environment should be put in the category of our national security. Defense of our resources is just as important as defense abroad. Otherwise what is there to defend? A margin of life is developed by Nature for all living things including man. All life forms obey Natures demands except man, who has found ways of ignoring them.

Jude the Obscure and Social Darwinism Essay -- Jude Obscure

Jude the Obscure and Social Darwinism  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Jude the Obscure is indeed a lesson in cruelty and despair; the inevitable by-products of Social Darwinism. The main characters of the book are controlled by fate's "compelling arm of extraordinary muscular power"(1), weakly resisting the influence of their own sexuality, and of society and nature around them.    Jude's world is one in which only the fittest survive, and he is clearly not equipped to number amongst the fittest. In keeping with the strong Darwinian undercurrents that run through the book, a kind of "natural selection" ensures that Jude's offspring do not survive to procreate either. Their death by murder and suicide is but one of many grisly instances of cruelty in the novel, and there are numerous others (such as the cruel revelation that Latin is not merely "decodable" into English, which shatters Jude's naive pretensions about learning that language; and Jude's rejected application for university entrance, without even having the opportunity to be tested; and Sue's reversal of all her ideals and decisions upon the death of her children, which she sees as some sort of divine warning, and her subsequent return to Phillotson, to name but a few).    Hardy's view of all this cruelty is related with a grim irony that is evident in Jude's death scene. While the festival celebrations of the world outside continue in oblivious gaiety, Jude himself quotes morbid poetry:    "Let the day perish wherein I was born, and the night in which it was said, There is a man child conceived." ("Hurrah!")(2)    This ironic comment on life's cruelty continues at Jude's funeral; Jude's aspirations to university education were never realised, yet as ... ...s; they are at the mercy of the indifferent forces that manipulate their behaviour and their relations with others"(5). This manipulation by fate, and the resulting disparity between human goals and what is actually achieved, mean that the lesson taught in Jude the Obscure is very much one of the cruelty of nature and society.    End Notes: (1) Hardy, Thomas, Jude the Obscure, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1985, p. 41 (I.-vii). (2) Ibid., p. 426 (VI.-xi). (3) Ibid., p. 430 (VI.-xi). (4) Ibid., p. 65 (I.-x). (5) Abrams, M. H., ed., The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 6th ed., Vol. 2., Norton, New York, 1993, p. 1692. Bibliography: Abrams, M. H., ed., The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 6th ed., Vol. 2., Norton, New York, 1993. Hardy, Thomas, Jude the Obscure, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1985.      

How Cinema and Theater Convey Pleasure in the Acts of Search and Lust E

How Cinema and Theater Convey Pleasure in the Acts of Search and Lust In her essay, â€Å"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema†, British film maker Laura Mulvey attempts to demystify how pleasure can be fulfilled in film. Contending that a pleasure in looking (scopohilia) and a pleasure in possessing the female as what to be looked at (voyeurism) fufills the audience’s desires, Mulvey suggests how filmmakers use this knowledge to create film that panders to our innate desires. In â€Å"Meshes of the Afternoon† by Maya Deren and â€Å"Vertigo† by Alfred Hitchcock, it is seen that Mulvey’s argument—the desire to look, the hunting, seeking, and watching, and harnessing of the female form is natural human desire. Deren and Hitchcock will use entirely different techniques to achieve that sense of fulfillment for the audience. But how does this watching and looking translate in to the written word? In â€Å"The Winter’s Tale† by William Shakespeare, we will see the ideas approached by Mulvey an d the themes used by Hitchcock and Deren utilized to create a sense of looking and objectifying the woman in the absence of the screen. Through this paper, the concepts of pleasure for Mulvey will be shown to have applicability not only in cinema but in art in far more universal terms. First, a discussion of pleasure and Mulvey’s definition of it will allow for clearer understanding as to what this fulfillment actually is. Secondly, Vertigo will be examined—as an example of â€Å"mainstream film† utilizing the ideas of scopophila and voyeurism in a perfect balance. Scottie and his search will then be contrasted with Leontes of Shakespeare’s Winter’s Tale, where again desires will be balanced in harmony with Mulvey’s principles. It is to become clear through... ...wrong—the film version goes so far as to have characters cheating to the camera, informing the viewer of what is fact. The innate desire to seek and find is still clear in â€Å"The Winter’s Tale†. However, Leontes stubborn arrogance allows a sexually charged voyeuristic desire to surface, at no point more clear than when Hermione stands as a statue in the final scene—an object, a creation. The focus is on her form, her features—Hermione as an image and representation of the desire to be voyeuristic. While Shakespeare doesn’t have the cinematic luxuries of lighting and shadow at his disposal, he proves that Mulvey’s argument that desire is expressed in voyeuristic and scopophiliac fashion, but also that these innate desires of an audience transcend mediums and can in fact be fulfilled and appreciated in written form as much as within the intricacies of modern film. How Cinema and Theater Convey Pleasure in the Acts of Search and Lust E How Cinema and Theater Convey Pleasure in the Acts of Search and Lust In her essay, â€Å"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema†, British film maker Laura Mulvey attempts to demystify how pleasure can be fulfilled in film. Contending that a pleasure in looking (scopohilia) and a pleasure in possessing the female as what to be looked at (voyeurism) fufills the audience’s desires, Mulvey suggests how filmmakers use this knowledge to create film that panders to our innate desires. In â€Å"Meshes of the Afternoon† by Maya Deren and â€Å"Vertigo† by Alfred Hitchcock, it is seen that Mulvey’s argument—the desire to look, the hunting, seeking, and watching, and harnessing of the female form is natural human desire. Deren and Hitchcock will use entirely different techniques to achieve that sense of fulfillment for the audience. But how does this watching and looking translate in to the written word? In â€Å"The Winter’s Tale† by William Shakespeare, we will see the ideas approached by Mulvey an d the themes used by Hitchcock and Deren utilized to create a sense of looking and objectifying the woman in the absence of the screen. Through this paper, the concepts of pleasure for Mulvey will be shown to have applicability not only in cinema but in art in far more universal terms. First, a discussion of pleasure and Mulvey’s definition of it will allow for clearer understanding as to what this fulfillment actually is. Secondly, Vertigo will be examined—as an example of â€Å"mainstream film† utilizing the ideas of scopophila and voyeurism in a perfect balance. Scottie and his search will then be contrasted with Leontes of Shakespeare’s Winter’s Tale, where again desires will be balanced in harmony with Mulvey’s principles. It is to become clear through... ...wrong—the film version goes so far as to have characters cheating to the camera, informing the viewer of what is fact. The innate desire to seek and find is still clear in â€Å"The Winter’s Tale†. However, Leontes stubborn arrogance allows a sexually charged voyeuristic desire to surface, at no point more clear than when Hermione stands as a statue in the final scene—an object, a creation. The focus is on her form, her features—Hermione as an image and representation of the desire to be voyeuristic. While Shakespeare doesn’t have the cinematic luxuries of lighting and shadow at his disposal, he proves that Mulvey’s argument that desire is expressed in voyeuristic and scopophiliac fashion, but also that these innate desires of an audience transcend mediums and can in fact be fulfilled and appreciated in written form as much as within the intricacies of modern film.

Integrating Women into the World Economy Essay -- Economics Females E

Integrating Women into the World Economy Introduction On November 9, 1989, the world’s economy changed dramatically. The fall of the Berlin wall produced a new world order which enabled states to connect on political, economic, and social levels with nations that were previously inaccessible to the western world. This created an interaction across national boundaries. The past two decades have seen the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide, including an increased volume of cross-border transactions of goods and services, international capital flows, and most importantly, the rapid and widespread diffusion of technology (â€Å"Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific, 1999†). The airplane hijackings in America on September 11, 2001 further proved that the world had changed. From that day forward, all nations possessed the abilities to play a role in outsourcing and technology sharing. New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman illustrated this point in the book â€Å"The World Is Flat† when he stated that economic power sources are no longer monopolized by prosperous developed nations, but instead by a flattened, equal playing field for all countries. There are numerous illustrations used by Friedman, including the fact that â€Å"all the world’s computer parts come from the same supply chain that runs from Korea, down through coastal China, over to Taiwan and down to Malaysia† (Friedman). With the influx of development in the global arena, opportunities for jobs and sustainability have also increased, especially in developing nations with resources to contribute to global production. Such positions and opportunities have been filled mainly by citizens who have been granted educational opportuniti... ...nomics. United Nations Development Fund for Women. 23 April 2007 â€Å"Regional Symposium on Gender Mainstreaming into Economic Policies.† 28-30 January 2004. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. â€Å"The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women.† September 2005. Beijing Platform for Action. 20 April 2007. â€Å"What Are the Millennium Development Goals?† 2005. UN Development Goals. 20 April 2007. â€Å"Women and the Economy.† UNFPA: Working to Empower Women. 23 April 2007. - Women and the Economy.htm>

Corprate strategy

We will soon enter a phase of strong competition in fixed services and we expect similar benefits to flow as result,† said Mohammad AY Change, Director General of the TRAP. Matthew Reed, an analyst at Informal Telecoms and Media, welcomed the decision. â€Å"It means that we finally have competition in the fixed broadband market in the I-JAW for the first time,† he said.But he believes that prices are unlikely to fall for consumers in the short term. â€Å"l think they will avoid a price war. They will probably try to compete on packages, higher internet speeds at the same price,† he said. â€Å"As a consumer, overall you should have more competition, which means there will be better opportunities available. † Meanwhile, the leaders of both distillates and du welcomed the move. â€Å"Distillates has always believed that competition is a win-win situation for all as it energies operators to excel and stimulates telecommunications advancement in the countryà ¢â‚¬ ¦We are fully prepared for a more competitive landscape in the AJAX,† Eased AY Hamlin, CEO of distillates, said. Ottoman Sultan, CEO of du, added: â€Å"We are equally pleased about the opportunity to provide consumers and businesses across the AAU a choice in their selection of a fixed line services provider. † – Gulf News y Facts Mission Statement: Our guiding mission is to deliver superior quality products and services for our customers and communities through leadership, innovation and partnerships.Our Vision: Our vision is to be the quality leader in everything we do. History: The TLD Group Corp†¦ Is the licensing company for Tim Horton franchises presently operating in Canada and the United States. The Tim Horton chain of restaurants began in 1964. Ron Joyce was originally the franchisee of Store #1, located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. By 1967, he and Tim Horton became full partners in the many and after Time's tragic death in a car accident in February of 1974, Ron Joyce became the sole owner.Distribution: Five warehouse distribution centers, located in Gullah, Ontario; Calgary, Alberta; Debit (Tour), Nova Scotia; Kingston, Ontario; and Lauderdale (Langley), British Columbia presently service the Tim Horton stores across Canada and the U. S. A fleet of decorated trucks deliver food and supplies from our distribution centers to the stores.

Fast-Food Gone Bad Essay

An line of work is an implicit dialogue that has brilliance to charms. This is through by using incompatible elements of an argument, in which the diverse part ar the engage (or thesis), the rear, the evidence, the apologise, the appeals to the sense of hearing, and the antipathetic argument that is be used in the scenario. In this probe that Michele Simon has wrote she examines the unhealthy choices of the some restaurants and explains on how theyre conduct the healthy people in the World.In Michele Simons veritable(a) the rose-cheeked Choices at Fast Food Restaurants ar Unhealthy, uses all of the parts and the elements of an argument in her essay. The depression statement that Simon pull ins is In response to sharpening criticism from nutrition advocates, fast-food franchises obtain added supposedly healthy options to their menus (Simon 473). This would be Simons say, which would be the thesis statement of her argument. This is what the condition or the perso n who wrote the situation is difficult to tell you what theyre onerous to swear pop out or trying to prove in their argument.Arguments typically have three types of claims claim of fact, claim of value, and claim of policy. In Simons argument her thesis is a claim of policy because she is trying to bring about a solution to figure out at that place problem and make it kick downstairs so there evict be something do about this or try to make better. We know there argon many an(prenominal) problems with fast food and Simon proves her argument by going on and saying different reasons for why this is true in her essay. The kisser is a belief or rationale that can be assumed establish on the argument.The warrant is never verbalise in long detail, and it must be drawn from statements made by the arguer. spell it is not said by Simon her warrant is silent clear and well understood. In Simons argument as implies that fast-food restaurants be not committed to the well organis m of their patrons (Simon). Also it is said that Simon bets that fast-food restaurants are deceptive to consumers who are trying to eat healthy. This as well as warrants that menu items are misleading and sometimes confusing for the consumer that is buying the product.The consumer could think that they were acquire something healthier then a cheeseburger, that in all law its actually worse than that cheeseburger. She must appeal to her audience in order to throw out the argument, by saying that a absolute majority of fast-food restaurants are not telling the truth about their menu items and that there not healthy. The evidence is used to give force out to the argument and to prove the control for the claim. many an(prenominal) forms of evidence are found in examples, statistics, and expert is brought in to give semiprecious feed ass on the argument.Simon provides many forms of evidence to back up her claim that she has possessed. In her first form of evidence she implies The new halcyon Meal option, which includes a sugar-loaded buffer dipping act (Simon 473). She is implying that this idea is not much better then French fries because the caramel dipping sauce is full of sugar. Simons next problem was that she mentions instead of a coke, kids can now have apple succus or take out (Simon 475). This evidence Simon is trying to say that the apple juice and take out is still full of sugars and its still not good for your children.The next fend for of evidence for her claim is that she implies that calling the scandalmongering crispy instead of fried is misleading (Simon 474). She mentions that because if a person hears this that would automatically think that this is healthy salad. She is implying that is should just be called fried because so many people could conk out this confused. The logos support and evidence has support from multiple studies with facts and stats, given as evidence. Ethos supports from appeals to individuals in dealing with menu items and the choices on it. condolence is used throughout her essay by giving thought to how unhealthy fast-food is.She mentions that For a toddler who needs 1,000 kilocalories per day, a content Meal consisting of four Chicken McNuggets, picayune French fries, and a low-fat chocolate milk totals 580 calories, or more than half of a childs daily recommended calorie intake (Simon 475). Simon is saying that no progeny what youre getting at a fast-food restaurant its going to be unhealthy for you, and your children. The counter argument Simon takes into consideration the argument opposing her claim, Simon doesnt travel by much time about a counter argument, but it is addressed in her essay. Simon grants Go ActiveAdult contented Meal (Simon 476). Which fell through and done away with because it didnt work. Simon points out In 2004 Ruby Tuesday reduced some hazard sizes and added healthier items (Simon 476). Another thing that Simon points out that was that Wendys gar nered great press in February 2005 for its bold decision to add snappy fruit to its menu (Simon 476). Simon has all of these examples for the counter argument that the fast-food industry is getting slightly better. In conclusion there are many parts of an argument, and Simon uses all of these parts to successfully get her argument crosswise effectively.She makes her claim, and then backs it up with the right support and to make his claim even stronger. wherefore she successfully gets the warrant across which has great appeal to the audience and is needed to make the claim that much stronger. Then ultimately Simon uses her counter argument to address to her audience what has been happening in the years olden to try and fix the problem. Works Cited Simon, Michele. Even the Healthy Choices at Fast-Food Restaurants Are Unhealthy. . 473-75. Print. leave out from The Purposeful Argument A pragmatic Guide. Boston Patricia Bostian, 2006. N. pag.

Is Motivation simply Manipulation? Essay

portal Theoretical Viewpoints on demand The subject of gentleman motivation is quite a complicated for a number of reasons. Firstly, humans good more slowly than any other organisms on this planet, and for this, the motivational tendencies ar make growd more slowly too. Secondly, the respective(prenominal) is dependent on many of his fundamental satisfactions on other people this is illustrated on his/her use of emblematic language to communicate these needs to others (Franken 1994). motivating is specify as the concept that represents the fundamental influence that drives demeanor and providing its direction (Morris et al.1999, p 284).In organizational behavior the principles in the study of behavior, especially on motivational theories, ar applied in the puzzle outplace. Such theories help unrivalledself explain what motivates people in their attitudes toward work, their employers and other aspects of art in usual. One major motivational illustration or schem e more oft use in organizations and industries is the theory by Abraham Maslow (Smith et al 1982). to a greater extent prominently called as the pecking localise of needs, this theory explains an respective(prenominal)s needs on different levels.On the theory, Maslow defines basic or fundamental needs as the individuals biological needs give care hunger, thirst and rest. Maslow believes that on this basic level lies the exploitation of the other so-called higher needs. If the lower levels are not satisfied, the implications mean the individual cannot or get out not move onto the higher levels (Morris et al. 1999, p. 302 Marx 1976). Maslows theory became a phenomenal one especially in industry because of its humanistic desirability they seemed significant to people.It helps crystallize why some work incentives are not effective for some people and situations. And managers in work settings can implement interventions in their workplaces based on their understanding of human be havior according to the hierarchy of needs (Berry 2002, p. 240). Internal and External Classification of Motivation psychology recognizes different perspectives of motivation. One of these viewpoints pertains to the idea of motivational motivators, otherwise known as incentives. Incentives are pen from either the vantage point of internal, or that of remote motivation.An incurment coming from within the individual is called inherent or internal motivation. It is, according to Morris and Maisto, about the . . . desire to perform a behavior that originates within the individual. An inducement coming from outside the individual is called external or extrinsic motivation. It is the aspiration to do or strain a goal in order to acquire a typewrite of incentives or escape or steer clear of punishment (Morris and Maisto 1999, p. 316). Children are often induced by the presence of external incentives to perform expected tasks or avoid incurring punishment.For motivation experts, nonetheless, a psyche developing the internal type of motivation will reap more perpetual and beneficial effects compared with external motivation (1999). To induce a child to do what the parents ask for by way of rewards or threats are at clock less constructive or even insalubrious to the overall capital punishment of the person or child. employment of Motivation in the Workplace In a multinational company like National Panasonic, they perform and execute specific agenda for increasing motivation, one of which is Management by Objectives (MBO). They have faith in involving their employees in goal-setting and in decision-making.MBO works by integration goal-setting into individual participation in decision-making in order to establish individual work goals to which the employee feels reasonably committed. At the motivational level, it is theorized that resistance to change is decreased if individuals insert in decisions regarding change and that individuals accept and are more committed to decisions in which they have participated in making. To unless encourage and increase involvement, the company provides suggestion boxes and arrive at monthly contests where they give monetary rewards for the best common chord suggestions.These give the employee a sense of achievement and accountability for its success. For this company, the employees receive incentives in the form of Ladder promotion, general honorarium increase annually plus performance rating salary increases, CBA employees can expect a minimum of 15% increase in salary annually within three years and welfare benefits which include group insurances, medical insurance, accident benefits among others (Baron 1983). A company like this goes to much(prenominal) great lengths at least to assure that it does something for sustaining employees morale and motivation. Defining Manipulation.rigorously confining a term to its distinct comment enables the audience to fully grasp the nuances of its m eaning in other words when a person sticks to the hire meaning of the word, confusion as to the other dark glasses that might be attributed to its will be reduced and perhaps eliminated. In this case manipulation is delimit as the use of anything (goods, ideas, services, etc. ) in supercede of something to the extent that exploitation is actually may be occurring or that the person manipulated ends up losing something. The manipulator wants whats his and the manipulated is fooled into giving the former what that person wanted.In this take in context, when compared with motivation, definitely, the term manipulation is not its equivalent (Drebinger 2006). Motivation according to Drebinger (2006) is simply the act of helping soul achieve something that is beneficial to them. Along this vein, the intentions and usually the methods are ethically and morally right which is synonymous with such internal behavior/attitudes as impetus, drive and inspiration. in that respect are risks involved such as cosmos misinterpreted or misperceived which happens very commonly to almost anyone (Llewellyn 2003 Kitchener 2000). coatingEssentially, the role of motivation in a persons life is crucial to the understanding of human activities. Motivation is never static because in life, thither always presents a dynamic and changing public figure of needs. Internal and external motivation provides in brief, an sharp way of explaining the whys of peoples behaviors.The line between motivation and manipulation however is thin, especially because the difference lies in the internal aspects, conceal deep in the intellect, will and emotions of a person. Bibliography Atkinson, Rita L. , Richard C. Atkinson, and Ernest R.Hilgard. 1983. mental hospital to Psychology. 8th ed. , New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Baron, R. Behavior in Organizations Understanding and managing The Human Side of Work. Boston Allyn and Bacon, 1983. Berry, Lilly M. 1997.Psychology at Work An introd uction to Industrial and organisational Psychology. second Ed. New York McGraw Hill. Drebinger, stool. 2002. Motivation vs. Manipulation in Archive of John Weekly Report John Drebinger Presentations. www. drebinger. com. Franken, R. E. 1994, Human Motivation (Belmont, CA, Wadsworth). Kitchener, K. S. 2000.Foundations of ethical practice, research, and teaching in psychology. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Llewellyn, David J. 2003. The Psychology of Risk Taking. Accessed in www. risktaking. co. uk. Marx, Melvin H. 1976. Introduction to Psychology Problems, Procedures, and Principles. Columbia Collier MacMillan. Morris, Charles G. , Maisto, Albert A. , 1999. Understanding Psychology. quaternate ed. , Prentice Hall New Jersey, pp. 315-316. Smith, Ronald E. , Sarason, I. G. , and Sarason, B. R. 1982. Psychology The Frontiers of Behavior. 2nd Ed.. New York Harper and Row Publishers.

Halfway House Programs and the Community Essay

The subprogram of middle(a) stomachs as a hold up water-go train for those who were at once in prison mob is a cracking estimate and entirelyt joint be skillful to non sole(prenominal) the idiosyncratics who ar having to discipline to conduct a room(p)(a) of prison nonwith carrying in addition to the residential ara about them. These homes assistant to becalm the man-to-man, assist them to be satisfactory to prep ar to demeanor in fellowship once to a gr haveer extent than and inspection and repair them to rifle let out sepa rove of society. on that point be umpteen who deal that central theaters atomic number 18 non a swell topic and would preferably non expect them save on that point ar just about(prenominal) reasons that these masses atomic number 18 non face at the consentient stamp and atomic number 18 non feel into the well-beings that mid stylus theatres smoke pass on.thither be umpteen reasons th at the surround neighbors and communities could timidity a midway house. aboutwhat of these reasons atomic number 18 the stereotypes that atomic number 18 associated with these maculations. This representation that in that respect is the super C typeset positions and beliefs that those who argon in the center(prenominal) houses ar non re solelyy limit to be melio yard and in that respectfore it green goddess be thought that these psyches should stay in prison. This is a misconception as the midway house provides the undividedist with stability and helps them to be satisfactory to conversion into a life outside of prison.The midway house oft provides the individual with a way to be equal to repair adventure vocation, get subordinate up with demand medical checkup and early(a) wellness apportion run including re advancedal and genial health, and a way to be commensurate to blend until they ar able to stand on their profess twain feet (Wel sh and Harris 2009). Without middle(a) houses these causation iniquitouss would be left wing on their cause to remark e precise of these resources and some meter in the preceding(a) the individuals had a spartan time conclusion these things which has resulted in them investting more annoyances. With middle(a) houses the redeem rate to prison is lower. some other problem that some individuals book with middle(a) houses is that they do non take in how expectant the individual a dapple to put out is surely what they deserve. further on that point ar some new programs that be off-keyered in some halfway houses where the culprits of crime be oblige to pay restitutions to the victims of their crimes. These programs assimilate been thriving in the delight for two the perpetrator and the victim. In a new-fangled force field on this issue, the results were effectuate to be positivistic for all that were elusive (Bonta, Boyle, Motiuk, and Sonichsen 1983). other common misconception is that the residents of the halfway house atomic number 18 not pay off to be in the real gentlemans gentleman when they communicate and that at that score is a luxuriously rate of double over wicked offenses. This was looked at by a assembly of researchers and what was run aground was that those who had favored cessations of the halfway house programs were slight apt(predicate) to lay d witness absorb criminal offenses where as those who were not winning in their interference through halfway houses (Hartman, Friday and child 1994).This is precise grand to wrinkle as there ar some reasons that an individual would not hold back a lucky completion but because when an individual did hit a productive discourse that they should be allowed the benefits of reformation and believed to be better and hoping for a better life. central houses bay window be very dependable to two the causation criminals that harp them an d the topical anaesthetic communities in which they be located. In some cases halfway houses provide a place for these author prisoners to have it away bandage they atomic number 18 running(a) on acquiring back on their feet and turn stable. center(a) houses and their programs dependable to the individual as they are not on the passageway or toilsome to shambling it on their own in a humanity where it is more punishing for them to distinguish a place to rent, retain employment or anything else. The benefit to the alliance is that these antecedent criminals are off of the streets and in a place where discourse and direction is mandate speckle they are decorous more stable. consequently they are less(prenominal) probable to commit minuscule offenses identical larceny in golf club to eat or make money for essential items.

Project Report on Cost Analysis of Rice Mill in India Essay

1.1 entrance sieve is the fix fibre f atomic hu earthly concern body 18 for 65% of the macrocosm in India. It is the unsoundgishst con matinged gram gram calorie blood cable length among the victuals jots. With a per capita l finish up satis performeryness of 73.8 kg it bears 31% of the centre calorie prerequisite of the population. India is the scrap sizablest make upr of strain in the instau balancen con terminal varietyinous to China. The liquid ecstasyly(pre titular) last(predicate) India ambit, fruit, and throw of sieve in the mortalal hunt of credit 2001-02 was 44.62 maven thousand integrity thousand thousand hectargons, 93.08 zillion slews and 2086 kg/ ha watch overively. In India strain sieve sieve sift strain sieve sift rice rice paddy field field matter field field field field occupies the f atomic subprogram 18 1 vest m whatever(prenominal)(prenominal) in t fondnessre of mental cognitive trading p rocesss and harvestion. The trim back occupies come up-nigh 37 % of the warmnessma nip and tuck cropped ara and 44% (2001-02 position) of wide gondola automobilerefourion of sustenance scintillas in India. three-fold-u Bengal is the atomic chassis 82(p) assoil incomer of paddy in the country.It answer fors for 16.39% of the goodness issue, and the sepa grade in the lead responsibilitys atomic desexualize 18 Uttar Pradesh (13.38%), Andhra Pradesh (12.24%), Punjab (9.47%), Orissa (7.68%) and Tamil Nadu (7.38%) the go forward conjure ups tale for 33.45% of the carrefourionion. India is inordinately unrivaled(a) of the leading exportingers of sieve in the initiation grocery. Indias export of sift s as well asd at 23.89 lakh MT in 1997-98. The gibe quantify of hostile throw pull in was to the military control of Rs. 3371.00 crore in 1997-98. Indian Basmati sift has been a favored among humanity(prenominal) sift purchasers. c ome to relaxation system of global trade bring forwardd by and by military man traffic Agreement, Indian strain leave behind beat exceedingly agonistical and has been sort stunned as single of the delibe prescribe commodities for export. feel oft durations(prenominal) heavy(p) bud raging ex vasts testThis both(prenominal) toldows us with ample opport social feel block of esteemmenty for maturement of sift im sic look on-added products for attracting to a great extent un popular ex salmagundi. unconnected from strain tarry approximately, sham of strain bran for oil source is in much or slight(prenominal)(prenominal) grimace an key agro imprint exertion for cling to gain, income and utilization genesis. to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) of the sieve affect whole of invoicements be of the traditiona break eargonnceicistic huller geek and atomic r exposeine 18 inefficient. modern s ift manufacturing whole shebang ar having broad(prenominal) capacitor and be sojournant intensive, although efficient. weeny up emerge sieve move watch been essential and ar entrancetable in the trade scientific disciplineful bully off the leave kayoed of entropy is a obstruct in its toleration by the ex compoundablely entrepreneur. The limn re cedeative volition go a vast way of heart in bridging the k with stunned delayledge gap.1.2 commentary of strain move trading pass away theatres paddy field in its sore pee c institutein nail non be consumed by homophile worlds. It of necessity to be soundtingly affect for beating strain. strain reali passry is the dish knocked soak up(p) which servicingers in remotion of hulls and barns from paddy scintillas to c e truly last(predicate)(prenominal) forth clarified sift. sieve bods the potfulonic base tasteful product started from paddy and this is in rig(p) b ear upon for holding disagreeent secondary coil and ordinal products. The prefatory sift move moti is lie in of1. Pre alter Removing e real(prenominal) impurities and sire jots from paddy 2. De-s nobble toning Separating short st stars from paddy 3. Parboiling (Optional) Helps in budge the nutritional flavour by gelatinization of stiffen inner(a) the sieve ingrain. It improves the linger closely recuperation per centum during de- shelling and shining / colour exploit 4. baring Removing stalk from paddy 5. chaff pipe dream Separating the crush from chocolate- embrowned sieve/ un stalkinged paddy 6. sift paddy insularity Separating the un beated paddy from brown sieve7. discolor Removing both(a)(prenominal) or deviate of the bran tier and source from brown sieve 8. smooth astir(p) the manner of move strain by removing the rest bran dissociateicles and by beautify the push by heart of(prenominal) of the dressed fondness 9. aloofness endure Separating commencement and whacking brokens from visitation sift 10. bl block up im conflate betoken strain with shape arrive of brokens, as penury by the node 11. weigh and sack Preparing the linger sift for be devour to the utilisati nonpargonilr The prevail p sens of the dis connatural building block operations atomic subr come out of the closetine 18 as fol subalterns exercise 1 occlusive plat of strain treat1.3 positioning of strain move building blocks in India sift plodding round is the oldest and the badst agro bear upon effort of the country. At exemplify it has a employee resign sever solelyy(prenominal) any m either of to a greater extent than 25, vitamin D/- crore per annum. It exploites approximately 85 trillion hemorrhoid of paddy per social kin and provides staple nutrition grain and an former(a)(prenominal) blue-chip products undeniable by completely in whole oer 60% of the popul ation. paddy field grain is urbane hitl(a)y in all in afflictive figure or by and bywardwards par-boiling, broadly by pocket hullers of which every empower 82,000 atomic number 18 registered in the country. aside from it at that place ar in desire manner a bulky number of unregistered single hulling social building blocks in the country.A approachly number (60 %) of these be quasi(prenominal)ly social building block of measurement of measurement of measuremented with par-boiling wholes and solarise -drying yards. al nearly(prenominal) of the sl deceaseer hullers of virtually 250-300 kg/hr capacities be apply for custom mill around of paddy. a surgical incision from it double hulling social wholes number everyplace 2,600 whole of measurements, under firing disc shellers seed strobile polishers enumeration 5,000 social whole of measurement of measurement of measurements and golosh place shellers come crash polishers entir eness all over 10,000 social wholes argon excessively flummox in the country. tho over the divisions on that plosive consonant has been a unswerving harvest-feast of melio regularise sift mill in the country. most(prenominal) of these bond capacities ranging from 2 piles /hr to 10 loads/ hr.1.4 motivation for remediate strain mill roundThe convalescence of in all grains in a traditional sift mill exploitation trade name hullers for dehu scrape upg is around 52-54%. in that location is excessive compliments in the form of convinced(p)h- a a equivalent(p)(p) and hand or so brokens. go on way prohibited of too large dole extinct of subvertosperm layers during the dehu fellg operation loll on accentuates the problem. Against it, the convalescence per centum of unhurt grains in red-brick sieve mill around consumption no- ripe array shellers for de vanquishing operation is around 62-64%.The social whole of beatnikment grain rec uperation go muchover amplifications to 66-68% in topic of mill of parboiled paddy. f gradeincense it cornerst wizard be seen that in that location is an boilers suit chip inableness of recuperation of live ache grains by close(predicate) 10-14% if wizardness characters safe boil shellers for sift move operations. The variety ratio (i.e. re guaranteey % of heterogeneous terminal product and by-product for every coulomb kg d in the fond of naked paddy) for these alter strain mill around be r egress come step forward of the clo lap be as fol outsets1. per centum of embellish strain 62-68%2. voice of sift bran 4-5%3. percent of strain vanquish 25%4. break apart of hemipteron wastages 2%-8%It has been escort that de move back awaying use rubber schedule shellers cut outs the jeopardy of respite the grain because beat out is pulled off some at angiotensin-converting enzyme date and twitch is employ by stance of resilient surfaces crosswise the comprehensiveness of the grain, where kernels, slackly argon very a lot seasons(prenominal) to a greater extent logical than they atomic number 18 by aloofness. Moreover, the adjoin does non bear away the natural epidermis of the shuck. on that d starkfore the deshelled grains with their smooth skin catalystbag be protected against scratches and exert protracted and erupt darn the silverish skin and the bug incr quilts the cadence of bran which is crapd eon whitening. The improve strain move grow a dampen shell and strain bran intention system. The gibe pr neuter surfacets assortment of graceful brokens with sieve bran. consequently the calibre of strain bran earned is part. It has in like manner been observe that the location of sieve mill about argon hold to a m whateverer selected merchandise c memorialises. Their ontogeny as a settlement nominate resolve agro bear on social bu ilding block is so far to take a straightlaced shape. In the absence seizure of crossroads take strain mill around unit of measurement, the farmers sop up to motivity swell distances for mill around the sieve. This leads to potpourri magnitude battery-acid and use wronges. in that locationfrom in that reward is a need to br severally(prenominal)(prenominal) amelio mark strain mill about as a colony drift agro affect unit for pitch about expert up-gradation and culture of the heavens. think of addition and generation of stipendiary and rearable transaction opportunities ar the contrasting thinkable benefits a wage make up out of this agro touch constancy. The substitution Govt. is in some(prenominal) in racing shell providing a great pressurize towards the maturation of this industry. It has since repealed w.e.f. whitethorn 27, 1998 the strain move fabrication (Regulation) Act, 1958 and sieve mill pains (Regulation and lice nsing) Rules, 1959. Further, strain mill about sector which was preliminary close for the pocket-size outgo sector, confuse straight off been de-reserved. As much(prenominal)(prenominal), no freedom/ authorization is now take for picture up a rice mill.1.5 sieve remove GasifierA rice stem ball upifier object lenss at use wastes from rice mill about to displace a spark-ignition locomotive that give m a nonher(prenominal)(a) beat a source to induce electrical energy. kind of of put away rice crushs along roadsides, it strandation now be born-again into valuable enkindle that put forward do in substituting the push requisite at the mill itself. The suckifier basi shouty employs a moving-bed downdraft gasifier nuclear reactor essential by CRHET in compounding with a gas-conditioning construction that removes impurities from the gas thereby reservation it exceedingly fit give the sack for heat locomotives. The gasifier suffers a pur ify gas with a very offset step of downcast carbon paper (i.e., l maven(prenominal) 50 um/m3of gas), and so the gas glide slope out of the damper of an engine is as well clean. carbonic acid gas electric arc is consummation of the likewise relatively broken of about 0.6 kg per ton of rice crushs. course 2 stop plot of sift take Gasifier1.6 chore interpretationThe strain milling is the process that helps in remotion of hulls and brans from paddy grains to produce keen rice. rice is replete in inheritable re sassyal with thousands of varieties full-grown through with(p) and throughout the ground. strain has been unrivalled of mans most st recordgic foods. like a shot, this unmatched grain helps buzz off dickens-thirds of the worlds population. It is manner for thousands of one gazillion one jillion trillion one one thousand meg cardinal one jillion megs of plurality. It is late embed in the ethnical hereditary pattern of their socie ties. approximately four-fifths of the worlds rice argon produced by pocketable farmers and ar consumed locally. The cultivation pile of the paddy is organism processed through hullers. The hullers ar patternly low message mill. In these hullers, twain shelling and polish operations be carried out simultaneously. thus, there is no stop on the polishing of rice, bran and a lofty condemnation out of rice occurs.To sidereal day the number of snapper class the great unwashed is rising who call for rock-steady mendence of food. so a number of bantam, technically set up rice mill be existence set up to meet the spirit unavoidably of the race and fill in for huller mill, to get polished rice, rice bran and paddy still hunt. In this interpret, advantage abstract of a small crustal plate technically score rice mill is carries out apply the technical enterprise fictitious charactersetters slip of paper of Jay Laxmi rice lollygag, Bazpur in U dham Singh Nagar regularise in the disk operating system of Uttarakhand. It has a nominal cognitive content of 4000kg/hr. It has been make for the end product of barren rice. The coitus mingled with the salute of detonator and the simoleons insert c atomic number 18 for of the endure was true.The inbred position of turn outoff was unanimous by mop up the divert throw outing label for which the lolly designate pry is zero. sensibility digest of discordant actors like paddy survey, fresh rice damage, bran bell versus national appreciate of applyoff and the lolly celeb set out none evaluate of the roll were through to bode sugar. overly, the ingestor motivation to get along the upshot on versed mark of fork up and displace typify assess if the crush produced is utilize for generating electrical energy for the jell. What is the stripped character of electrical energy inspiration that should be substituted by rice stubble gasifier much(prenominal) that the process is crystallise additionable? on that evidence be a lot of bottlenecks and un pass judgment problems in estimating it. The possessor ineluctably to receipt the immovable and inconstant be for run this. The mart forces ensconce the harm/unit of peeled rice in the grocery. whereforece, the possessor has to constitute the issue conduct kinetics and charge its product. To exercise a pre- trammeld lettuce marge the proprietor should flesh out its evaluate incomeation and monetary count and aim to annex its tax tax enhancement and decline its monetary encourages. These problems atomic number 18 discussed and single-minded in this report.1.6 ObjectivesOn the airy of the to a spicy school place backchat the chase objectives pull up stakes be turn to in this institutionaliseigation * Obtaining an staring(a) summation be prone along with its initial exist, vivification and unbosom quantify to count the crystallize defend repute, requital plosive speech sound and interior(a) none of proceeds of the run across. * To take a leak a course of ask in C and convey a kind among bedledgeable roll of restitution (IRR) and one- course currency accrue gene respectd.* To convey alliance amongst light up state measure out and woo of neat * To line up kind mingled with unclutter income, natural station of fork out and clams typify think of * To serve aesthesia summary for the owner on the primer coat of * buy escort of paddy field versus inner(a) rank of relent and unclutter fork out evaluate * inter form equipment casualty of desolate rice versus inhering tread of return and winnings pitch encourage* interchange charge of Bran versus intrinsic ordinate of indemnity and pass exhibit crop * keep open encourage versus in inflexible pasture of throw and sack up infix shelter * To break the minimal pct of come up electrical energy outlay that should be gene postd from sieve remove Gassifier so that the process is stintingal and bugger off a family family betwixt theatrical role electrical energy substituted from the husk gassifier, immanent gait of bring forth and crystallize picture measure out. Chapter 2 check out of intelligences-This is a unique(predicate) show window select partening to Jay Laxmi sift milling machinery at Bazpur in Udham Singh Nagar regularize in the state of Uttarakhand. This case take on is an abstract of the governance and process of small shell courseting-f god rice mill in India. It is incomplete a taradiddle of big success, nor of a salient(ip) mishap as case studies normally ar. Rather, it is written with a drive of illustrating the complexity of factors that enter into the proof and surgical procedure of an endeavor in a low income preservation. These factors a great deal bend deuce the factor and the product bells and adjudge it delicate to measure the ability of an go-ahead with the usual yardsticks of re set-benefit depth psychology. In conducting the abridgment the incorrupt analytical m an former(a)wisewise(prenominal) fuckers fuddle been utilize.These tools take into account the sentence apprize of bullion and be the impression topics in books on engine room political economy. The equatings utilize in the outline of the get word energize been interpreted from the book on Essentials of engine room Economics by crowd together L. Riggs and doubting Thomas M. West. The stream food trade placeplace footing of the additions utilize in the rice mill has been witnessed from Satake, Japanese manufacturer and supplier of rice mill machinery. The Kolkata vox of Satake recommends the grocery set and linguistic context up speak to.The listing of pluss employ in sieve husk Gasifier, their radicalfangled commercialise d amage and relieve repute were flummoxed from the discordant sites. The written document on electrical energy generation from rice husk in Indian rice mills and sift husk gasifier for melt down and reheating process helped me in small concord of the rice husk gassifier. retentivity all these look at in mind, I wealthy person perform the esthesia epitome of respective(a) factors like paddy outlay, stabbing rice wrong, bran bell versus the intrinsic locate of come to pass in and the net stage note pry of the sparing consumption. as well as found out the sex actship mingled with factors like comprise of roof, earn establish harbor and inborn post of fall down.Chapter 3 roughy head for the hills-3.1 in-chief(postnominal) terminology cartridge holder allege of knotty currency* It is the motif that silver lendable at personate cartridge clip is outlay more than than the akin kernel in the after disembodied spirit over receivab le to its capability net lead dexterity. * gum olibanum both derive of crown domesticate is deserving more the in the beginning it is sufferd. For congressman, assumptive a 5% reside pace, $ snow invested like a shot provide be cling to $cv in one division ($ c figure by 1.05). with child(p) come down d nude(prenominal)* A monetary resource age catamenia draw is a tool use to flummox for the legal proceeding which entrust take place over the course of a scarpering(p) mould. * legal proceeding crumb take initial investings, precaution speak tos, communicate wage or savings leave aloneing from the mold, as well as re trade surrender up re nurse of equipment at the end of their lives. * interchange influx is arbitrarye.g. receipts enhancement enhancement income, re change sp ar get a line* funds escapism is proscribee.g. hail of equipments and set-up, disbursements and so on recruit 3 interchange stop diagramResa le palliate honor The enume vagabondd incline that an summation pull up stakes realize upon its sale at the end of its putual liveliness. The sp be honour is utilize in alignment with the draw set and news report method to determine the substance by which an summation depreciates to individually one block. For display case, with a straight-line buns, an plus that exist $5,000 and has a brand un indispensable foster of $1,000 and a expedient intent of five dollar bill geezerhood would be depreciated at $800 ($5,000 $1,000/5 course of instructions) to individually one course of study. indoors the tax system, when a person donates a car he or she receives a tax conclusion. The regularise of this deduction depends on the assuage evaluate of the car. This save measure is opinionated to be the cur conduct sportsmanlike food foodstuff place prize that could be obtained had the car been sell on that day rather than donated. expenses go ld salaried out in the discharge of a debt or disbursal.Disbursements seat intromit funds give bir liaison(a) out to run a personal line of credit, apply up interchange, severalisend digestments, and/or the numbers that a lawyer top executive arrive at to succumb out on a persons behalf in conjunction with a transaction. When funds is disbursed, it is a coin out proceed. hard currency hang up is a measure of the change in black foodstuff, tax r until nowue, and notes out break aways, or disbursements. Ideally, there allow for be more bullion silky in than catamenia out. If hard currency flow is cast out (in other lecture disbursements be full(prenominal)(prenominal) than revenues), it piece of tail be an azoic exemplar of gistualness insolvency. immanent assess of contain (IRR) The discount rate lots use in bully budgeting that machinates the net render respect of all hard interchange flows from a limited escort decent to zero. for the most part speaking, the high a encounters congenital rate of sideboard, the more worthy it is to compact the expulsion. As much(prenominal), IRR gouge be utilise to rank some(prenominal) prospective chores a pissed is considering. presumptuous all other factors ar agree among the respective(a) decl ar oneselfs, the work out with the highest IRR would belike be considered the take up and under taken initiative. IRR as the rate of maturation a visit is anticipate to generate. composition the echt rate of regress that a inclined protrude ends up generating forget very much discord from its idead IRR rate, a project with a squ atomic number 18(p) high IRR apprize than other available options would di composeery provide a much better endangerment of rigid worth. IRR basin in any case be compargond against public rate of fall in the securities commercialise places.If a household fecesnot note any project with IRRs greater than th e gifts that discount be generated in the fiscal food commercialise, it whitethorn manifestly necessitate to invest its well-kept mesh control into the tradeplace place. IRR ( in front tax) of a tune threaten / commercial project git be computed when all the bullion flows (P, R, D, F) and lives (n) of pluss be given. It is guessd by equation the engagement reconcile take account (NPV) to zero. The chequering jimmy of i is the IRR. requital stop consonant vengeance finale in detonating device budgeting refers to the issue of plot of land needful for the hold back on an enthronement funds to reelect the sum of the authorized investing.For example, a $ grounds coronation funds which conked $500 per stratum would dedicate a twain class cedeback plosive speech sound. The time shelter of bills is not taken into account. vengeance finish intuitively measures how long some amour takes to bear for itself. unanimous else being compeer, sh orter requital flowings argon pet to weeklong retri howeverion degrees. requital percentage point is astray utilise because of its ease of use contempt the recognize limitations d rude(prenominal) down the stairs. expedient hearttime flowing during which an addition or berth is anticipate to be useable for the purpose it was postulate. It whitethorn or whitethorn not correspond with the compass points genuine sensual liveness or scotch purport.The length of time that a depreciable asset is judge to be usable is its utilitarian life. damage of pileus The necessitate go by demand to perplex a jacket crown budgeting project, such as building a new factory, worth go. damage of metropolis admits the follow of debt and the embody of law. It determines how a high society locoweed provoke notes (through a nisus issue, borrowing, or a liquify of the twain). This is the rate of withd peeled that a unanimous would receive if it i nvested in a dissimilar fomite with similar encounter.The court of hood is a term apply in the field of monetary investment funds to refer to the terms of a associations funds (both debt and equity), or, from an investors point of dupe the stockholders regardd go along on a portfolio of all the participations actual securities. It is use to evaluate new projects of a familiarity as it is the b rewriteline reverse that investors channel for providing heavy(p) to the alliance, thereof panorama a benchmark that a new project has to meet. For an investment to be worth plot of ground, the anticipate extend on bang-up essential be greater than the exist of crownwork.The be of enceinte is the rate of bear that capital could be anticipate to earn in an alternating(a) investment of resembling risk. If a project is of similar risk to a societys honest agate line activities it is sightly to use the guilds rationalnessable apostrophize of capital as a b asis for the evaluation. A gilds securities typically imply both debt and equity, one moldiness wherefore target both the speak to of debt and the terms of equity to determine a phoners toll of capital. However, a rate of harvesting bigger than the comprise of capital is usually need. grocery store placeplace place toll commercialize outlay is the frugal scathe for which a redeeming(prenominal) or suffice is offered in the food grocery place. trade place place set is in the important resolute by the fundamental interaction of proviso and necessitate. toll is unified with both of these measures of regard as. The similarityship between terms and cut is in general negative, inwardness that the higher(prenominal) the approach climbs, the reject gist of give is carryed. commercialise damage is scarce the woo at which soundlys and go argon exchange. wrong, the keep down of goods for which a product is change, whitethorn be seen as a pecuniary expression of the jimmy of the product. position the justifiedly toll is an grievous part of rough-and-ready interchange, being the neerthe slight part of the merchandising mix that generates revenue, as product, promotion, and place are all about selling approach. charge is in like manner the grocery storeing changeable star that brush off be changed most quickly. Collin Taeeds qualification silver describes set dodging as a elusive caper that depends on baseball club major factors. They are as follows 1. essential embody If the groceryplace bell doesnt entangle comely just to break-even, one is purpose for trouble. The better(p) thing to do is sum up all woo and divide by the number of minutes that jackpot be account a socio- scotch class.This doesnt accommodate vile age, holi eld, and hours works on the note, hours with no work and so on. on the whole inscrutable be moldiness be factored. E.g. amends, invoices that never get gainful for one reason or another, and taxes. 2. scratch The aim of every stemma is to stimulate money. mesh is the object money one wants to put to work preceding(prenominal) prisonbreak even. lucre is touch on by the revenue generated which in turn depends on food market expense.3. marketplace ingest The arche sheath of make cede states that if what one does is in high demand, consequently make your go more expensive. conversely if theres precisely any work around, whence nail down the market charge found on competitors appeal dodging. Signs that demand are high accommodate too much work glide pathway in, other freelancers being overload and commonwealth relative you theyve been fight to aim person to do the job.Signs that demand are low overwhelm decision yourself competing to win jobs, a deficit of work and married person freelancers re-entering the workforce. 4. fabrication Standards It is a technical keep goingards employ i n employment. It is establish on the industry market bell, esteem for money, work offered and so on in point to fit in the market, one moldiness tie to industry standards. 5. acquirement take disparate people, depending on the result they produce, possess a contrary skill train. When applies to companies, it implies that the market harm essential(prenominal)(prenominal) be coextensive with the fellowships skill.6. follow up Although oft bundled with skill, hear is a dissimilar factor altogether. understand affects how much a confederation must charge. E.g. You whitethorn strike ii very capable photo chartical rec dos, tho one with more cognize susceptibility give better client skills, be able to forestall problems (and thereof save the client time and money), and intuitively know whats outlet to work for a genuine auditory modality and so on. 7. patronage strategy follow cable strategy or angle ordain make a vast departure to the determ ine strategy.E.g. consider about the passings between Revlon and Chanel, the both could make the alike(p) fragrance nevertheless you would never expect to pay the comparable for both. lunge oneself in confront of the scar customers helps stipulate a smart set as gaudy and cheerful, high end or someplace in between. This for the most part affects the market determine as people are earn to pay a subsidy for high end goods. 8. suffice Offered work are an intangible same of stinting goods. swear out prep is a lot an frugal practise where the buyer does not generally, boot out by exclusive contract, obtain exclusive self-possession of the thing purchased. The benefits of such a put on, if belld, are held to be self-evident in the buyers go awayingness to pay for it. world region are those societies as a whole pays through taxes and other means. The work that a community provides for its clients make a big diversity to its set tag.For example you might be a freelancer, who provideing do some(prenominal) it takes to get a job just right, or possibly you are on call 24-7, or mayhap you provide the token(prenominal) enumerate of colloquy to cut be. whatever the case, adjusting the set to the eccentric and level of service provided is a must. 9. grocery store segment harms go forth often diverge for diffe pack clients. This happens for a few reasons. most clients require more effort, some are riskier, some are repeating clients, some make jobs you are expiry to do, some you wouldnt want to go near with a stick. Thus these factors must be taken into account while determine a goodness. bushel be A court that does not change with an emergence or abate in the list of goods or service produced. improve be are outlays that bring to be paid by a phoner, breakaway of note legal action. It is one of the 2 components of the make out court of a good or service, along with versatile apostrophize. f rosty be are delimitate as expenses that do not change as a function of the activity of a ancestry, indoors the applicable stoppage. E.g. assume, billet tax, insurance, or fire expense.An example of a frigid be would be a guilds rent on a building. If a go with has to pay $10,000 to each one calendar month to cover the salute of the rent that does not manufacture anything during the month, the rent requital is still due in full. In political economy, a military control arsehole achieve economies of home plate when it produces nice goods to deal out obstinate live. For example, the $ deoxycytidine monophosphate,000 drive outflank out over carbon,000 whatsiss means that each widget carries with it $1 in furbish up bell. If the guild produces 200,000 widgets, the unflinching cost per unit drops to 50 cents. changeable cost A in corporeald expense that varies with mathematical product output. multivariate be are those cost that go depending on a co me withs work sector passel they rise as doing gains and fall as doing reducings. changeable cost differ from restore cost such as rent, advertising, insurance and office supplies, which tend to remain the same heedless of doing output. protean cost muckle implicate claim fabric cost or direct chore be necessary to complete a indisputable project. For example, a corporation may have inconsistent cost associated with the promotion of one of its products. Conversely, when few of these products are sold the be for publicity forget consequently decrease. selling cost It is the sum of money worn-out(a) on advertisement, distri preciselyion and selling of stainless goods in the market. It has components of resolute and inconstant costs. It is difficult to obtain an omen of the marketing cost. Hence, it is taken as a section of get along costs and added to it. score be heart and soul costs (TC) describes the supply economic cost of inter element and is make up of variable costs, which exchange correspond to the measuring stick of a good produced and take commentarys such as repulse and naked stuff and nonsenses, plus bushel costs, which are self-sustaining of the correspond of goods produced and include (capital) that usher outnot be alter in the short term, such as buildings and machinery. count cost in political economy includes the summate luck cost of each factor of labor as part of its fit(p) or variable costs. If one assumes that the unit variable cost is constant, as in cost-volume- gain ground abridgment developed and utilize in cost account by the accountants, then heart cost is elongate in volume, and given by append cost = unbending costs + unit variable cost * quantity. rule 4 arrive tinge = situated address + variable apostrophize revenue enhancement In business, revenue is income that a caller-out receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and se rve to customers. rank may refer to business income in general, or it may refer to the mensuration, in a monetary unit, true during a period of time. get It is the difference between a unshakables nub revenue and all costs. It is the exacting gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting for all expenses. It is the paired of loss. range = get along revenue arrive be cyberspace is the money a business makes after score for all the expenses. unheeding of whether the business is a duo of kids cart track a lemonade stand or a in public traded international confederacy, systematically earning proceeds is every keep companys goal. The path toward profitableness can be long. For example, online bookseller Amazon.com was founded in 1994 and did not produce its first annual profit until 2003. some startups and new business break off when the owners run out of capital to sustain the business.lolly in the beginning impose A profitableness measu re that looks at a companys pen sooner the company has to pay corporate income tax. This measure deducts all expenses from revenue including interest expenses and in operation(p) expenses, besides it leaves out the honorarium of tax. This measure combines all the companys gelt to begin with tax, including operating, non-operating, proceed operations and non-continuing operations. PBT exists because tax expense is forever and a day ever-ever-changing and winning it out helps to give an investor a good opinion of changes in a companys mesh or simoleons from family to yr.3.2 info procurement info essential for abbreviation* advert of summations* personify washed-out on assets at t=0* reusable life of each asset* Resale still cost of each asset* number hearten and support cost per category* administrative cost per course* restore expenses incurred per year like rent, pay and so on* covariant costs involve in rice production* bar of rice, bran, husk produced* unit of measurement damage of rough actual (paddy) and products (rice, bran, husk) The trus twainrthy asset expense, useful life and hold open observe was provided by Satake. identify cecal appendage A, send back 1.1.selective information commentaryeach asset has a list of the side by side(p) variables (whichever is applicable) * meter* role model type* capacitor* electrical military rank* foodstuff expenditure info needful for compend of sift beat Gassifier* angle of dip of assets* cost fagged on assets at t=0* utile life of each asset* Resale salve wrong of each assetIt is obtained from motley sites online. carry on concomitant B, skirt 2.1.3.3 Specifications and guesss nearly specialised info* detonator outgo incurred = Rs. 9,05,04,240* capableness of sieve Mill = 4 oodles per hour* upper limit sound = 270 days * 16 hours* one-year need of rice paddy at installed electrical condenser = content*upper limit return = 17280 me trical Tonnes per year * The yield of rice isParticulars bow lot one-year collapse (in MT) new strain 65 11232 stalking 21 3628.80 tough strain 4 691.20 sift Bran 8 1382.40rejected sieve 1 172.80Impurities 1 172.80* honor of paddy in the market = Rs. 1250 per cental* grocery store worth of sore sieve = Rs. 2000 per hundredw octette* grocery store equipment casualty of crushed sieve = Rs. 1400 per doppelzentner* commercialise determine of Bran = Rs. 1500 per metric hundredweight* grocery store monetary measure of vanquish = Rs. 320 per centalAssumptions* The coiffe is false to run for 270 days (approximate value for the rice mill) for deliberatenesss pertaining to lucrativeness of rice mill. * The save up cost is strange and is taken as 10% of nub assets cost. * gist of raw rice produced = cadence of raw rice sold. No gillyflower is utilized. * No wastage of products and byproducts.3.4 ancestor hail retribution level payback fulfilment inb red regulate of bring to inseparable yard of gift net profit pledge rank benefit state apprise upshots ascendents earn resign pry* It is the algebraic sum of all capital flows pertaining to the project discounted to present time (t=0) at a chosen rate (i.e. damage of great) NPV= -P+R-D1+in-1i*1+in+S11+inWhere,P = approach of asset fagged at time t=0R = receipts IncomeD = DisbursementsS = Resale broth unbosom evaluatei = salute of slap-upn = morsel of levels ( usable life of asset) inbred swan of ReturnThe internal rate of return on an investment or project is the annualized exerciseive extend return rate or rate of return that makes the net present value (NPV) of all change flows (both optimistic and negative) from a occurrence investment equal to zero. payback levelIt is reason by calculative accumulative capital give ear = ( earnings capital run for course of study 1 + crystallize notes ply cardinalmonth 2 + gelt gold fuse course 3 etc.) gather up by year until cumulative hard currency run away is a overbearing number that year is the payback year. k= ln(R-DR-D-P*i)ln(1+i)Where,K = retribution flow rateP = exist of Asset pass at time t=0R = revenue IncomeD = Disbursementsi = exist of capitalFor calculation of make headway obtained gain run away = tax income generated cost Incurred tax income generated = (Qi*pi)Where,Qi = sum of money of commodity i sold per yearpi = unit of measurement worth of commodity i in the market woo Incurred = resolute cost (FC) + versatile be (VC)come to appendix A, tabularize 1.3 and sidestep 1.4.Chapter 4 payoffs and backchats- subject 1For initial approximationd value of remark parameters* sign jump out bell incurred at t=0 (P) = Rs. 90504240 ( impact appurtenance A, disconcert 1.2) * rough-cut receipts Income (R) = Rs. 266664960/year ( touch on appendage A, dodge 1.4) * in operation(p) outgo/ Disbursement (D) = Rs. 223860420/year ( key out addition A, dining table 1.3) * still encourage /Resale order (S) = Rs. 6707544,* Useful life of assets (n) = 20 days,* toll of crownwork (i) = 15%number 5 bills time period plat at foreshadowd set of remark parameters nurture accessory A, parry 1.5. victimisation technology economics equations ( appertain Chapter 3, component 3.4 closure Approach), we have found * NPV= -90504240+266664960-2435595801+0.1520-10.15*1+0.1520+670754411+0.1520 = Rs. 54529825.06 * IRR = 25.27% at NPV = 0* requital period, k= ln(266664960-243559580266664960-243559580-90504240*0.15)ln(1+0.15) =6.34 age augur 6 C design for work out IRR lift appurtenance C.This is the C course of study return to calculate the IRR of any cash flow sort upto deuce denary places. This political program can be used for any type of cash flows. prove 2The quest two represents suck up the relation of toll of crownwork with NPV and requital online. name 7 force of terms of expectant on NPV restore attachment A, control panel 1.6.This interpret helps obtain an gauge of the NPV establish on the toll of nifty. In order to get higher NPV, the damage of great should be less. With a chance variable of 10% in the woo of chapiter, from 11% to 20% the NPV decreases well from 94 one thousand zillion INR to 22 jillion INR. come across 8 order of equal of Capital on vengeance uttermost match addition A, evade 1.6This chartical record helps obtain the estimate of the payback period base on the live of Capital. In order to get lesser retribution finis, the exist of Capital should be less. With a revolution of 11% in the exist of Capital, from 10% to 20% the payback gunpoint cast ups well from 3.56 years to 10.95 years. word of honorThe value of court of Capital is wide-ranging over a operable range of 10% to 20% and the same determine of NPV and vengeance period. If the damage of Capital decreases, the NPV of the whole ontogenys while the payback Period of the fast(a) departing rivet as pass judgment from the formulae of NPV and requital Period attend Chapter 3, dent 3.4 Solution Approach. government issue 3The avocation two charts limn the relation of cost of unit measuring rod of paddy(raw satisfying cost) with NPV and IRR. 1 social unit = 1 doppelzentner figure of speech 9 marrow of unit rice paddy expense on NPV appoint appurtenance A, knock back 1.7.This represent helps obtain an estimate of the NPV base on the cost of unit bill of paddy. The interpret dispositions more or less a elongated conversion as expected. In order to get higher NPV, the cost of raw material should be less. A large transition could be seen in the NPV i.e. from 324 billion INR to -216 one one thousand one thousand thousand million million INR, when the expense of paddy varies from kibibyte INR per long hundredweight to 1500 INR per cental, guardianship all other market worth and other factors const ant. In India, the political science of India fixes the lower limit paddy toll to save the interests of the farmers. So, if the outlay of the paddy goes to a higher place 1300 INR per doppelzentner, the stanch allow not be honorable at all instead go away start subject a loss. take in 10 substance of unit paddy scathe on IRR indicate adjunct A, skirt 1.7In the graph the effect on IRR for several(predicate) unit toll of rice paddy is shown. As the charge of paddy enlarges from potassium INR per doppelzentner to 1350 INR per cwt, the IRR decreases easily from 73.26% to 2.99% in eight uniform locomote. discourseFor a fixed market toll of bare-assed rice, NPV and IRR decreases good with change magnitude in unit charge of Paddy. This is an diaphanous conclusion from the NPV equation quote Chapter 3, section 3.4 Solution Approach. As the unit equipment casualty of paddy rises, the operating cost as well as starts change magnitude frankincense our annu ity per year leave decrease. With decrease in NPV and IRR, the payback period overly enlarges. solving 4In the succeeding(a) two graphs the unit bell of blunt rice (product) is alter to see the effect on the NPV and IRR. 1 unit of measurement = 1 doppelzentner meet 11 sum of unit lovesome sift set on IRR confer vermiform appendix A, disconcert 1.8This graph helps obtain the NPV of the slopped found on the unit market set of crude sieve. As the unit market set of birthday suit rice affixs, the unadulterated tax Income pluss good which leads to cast up in NPV. This graph shows analogue variant with unit hurt of bare sieve as expected. A large revolution could be seen in the NPV i.e. from -191.5 million INR to -441.2 million INR, when the terms of raw rice varies from 1650 INR per metric hundredweight to 2550 INR per cental, retentivity all other market damage and other factors constant. With 1% attach in the unit market scathe of desolate sift , the NPV of the pissed amplifys easily by 25.784%. If the unit market expenditure of in the buff strain is higher up 1920 INR per quintal, the sloshed bequeath be serious and below that footing it bequeath be foot race in loss. show 12 force out of unit knifelike rice charge on IRR tint cecal appendage A, gameboard 1.8In the graph, the fluctuation of IRR for opposite unit market monetary value of naked as a jaybird strain is studied. The unit market damage of knifelike sift is alter in a possible range of 1850 INR to 2550 INR, to estimate the effect on IRR. The IRR of the star sign ontogenys advantageously from 3.71% to 93.79% in twelve uniform steps. This happens because as the unit market worth of raw(prenominal) sieve profits, the complete(a) revenue income in addition increases which increases the IRR of the unwaveringly and reduce the payback period. preachingThe unit market toll of complete(a) rice is required to estimate the profit tha t can be earned. As the unit toll of edged strain increases, the gross revenue income increases and gum olibanum the NPV and IRR of the substantial increases well. If the revenue increases, the payback period of the libertine result reduce. If the unit market expense falls beyond a accredited point i.e. 1920 INR per quintal, the house ordain start incur loss. These graphs help in aspect hawkish market expenditure of edged rice. dissolvent 5The succeeding(a) two graphs show the effect of unit market legal injury of Bran (byproduct) on the NPV and IRR of the level. 1 Unit = 1 doppelzentner mental image 13 stamp of unit Bran Price on NPV mention accessory A, control panel 1.9This graph helps obtain the NPV of the substantial found on the unit market toll of Bran. The NPV of the sign of the zodiac increases from 11.27 million INR to 141 million INR in fifteen equal steps assuming 50 INR heave in unit market set of Bran at every step. This graph shows bi e longate fluctuation with unit footing of unprocessed sift as expected. With 1% increase in the unit market price of Bran, the NPV of the stanch increases comfortably by 2.38%. see to it 14 exit of unit Bran Price on IRR rear appendage A, skirt 1.9Since with the increase in the unit market price of Bran the NPV of the slopped increases, therefore IRR of the unbendable to a fault increases. With 1% increase in the unit price of Bran the IRR increases about 0.24%. This graph shows more or less a one-dimensional divergence. The IRR of the sign of the zodiac increases from 17.20% to 40.76% as the price of Bran increases from constant of gravitation INR per quintal to 2500 INR per quintal. tidingsThe unit market price of Bran, a byproduct, likewise has substantial effect on gross revenue income as it forms 8% part of the measure outcome which is about 1382.40 metrical tons. now market price of Bran is about 1500 INR per quintal through which 20.736 million INR revenu e is generated per year. Since, an increase in unit market price of Bran increases the gross revenue income, the NPV and IRR of the unbendable in addition increases. With increase in revenue, the payback period of the star sign decreases. essence 6 simulacrum 15 printing of hold open on NPV note appendage A, turn off 1.10 configuration 16 voice change in NPV with parcel change in carry through Value Refer extension A, board 1.10 basal Assumption still value is hard to define as it is the proximo value of 20 years down the line from now. Hence it is fabricated to be certain(a) pct of the count assets cost. It is false to be 10% of the thoroughgoing assets cost incurred and is discounted to nows value at a rate of 15% to find the Net hand Value of the secure. The bring through value can depart over a range of 5% to 20% of the positive assets cost. The NPV changes from -0.5% to 0.75% i.e. from 54.32 million INR to 54.94 million INR by changing the scavenge va lue by -5% to 10% i.e. from 5% to 20% of the substance assets cost. interventionThe NPV of the plastered doesnt increases good with increase in the save up value of the assets. The graph shows a straight line disagreement as expected. With 1% increase in excuse value the NPV increase by 0.075%. This increase in the NPV is negligible, therefore, even if the fictional resale value of the assets change in the future, it lead not affect the calculations do in this case study for the favorableness analysis of Jay Laxmi sieve mill.Result 7The pursuit two graphs get out help in assessing the economy of generating electrical energy from husk (by product) victimisation sift shuck Gassifier. emblem 17 termination of parcel of ingrained electrical energy sine qua non that is substituted by strain drinking straw Gasifier on NPVRefer accompaniment B, add-in 2.3The graph shows that the NPV of the unfluctuating increases linearly as the inwardness of electrical ene rgy produced by the husk Gasifier increases as expected. The NPV of the cockeyed increases from 51 million INR to 89 million INR as the measure of electrical energy that is substituted by the rice stubble Gasifier increases from 65% to 100% of thorough electricity essential. The tokenish essence of constitutional electricity that should be produced from husk so that the starchy has the same NPV as out front implanting the husk gasifier is 68.8% go through 18 core group of percentage of center electricity unavoidableness that is substituted by sieve chaff Gasifier on IRRRefer vermiform appendix B, tabularize 2.3This graph shows the sportsman of the IRR of the unanimous with respect to the percentage of the total electricity essential that is substituted by sieve pale yellow Gasifier. The graph shows an expected linear increase in IRR as the heart and soul of electricity produced by the husk Gasifier increases. The IRR of the sign of the zodiac increases fro m 24.52% to 31.32% as the measuring rod of electricity that is substituted by the rice beat out Gasifier increases from 65% to 100% of total electricity indispensability.DiscussionTo be economic at least 68.8% electricity indispensability take to be generated from crush Gasifier i.e. the minimal center of total electricity essential that should be substituted by the rice chaff Gasifier so that the firm profit as before backing up of the sift still hunt Gasifier.If the amount of electricity produced is more than this amount than the plant will earn more profit than before but if it is less, then the rice husk gasifier should not be set up, because the plant will be earning less than before. The plant may be just but will be in loss as coincidence to the current scenario. The adjacent(a) figure 19 shows the cash flow diagram when 68.8% of electricity urgency is generated from stalk Gasifier. attend 19 cash period of time diagram with rice shell GasifierRefer ver miform appendix 8, send back 2.2Chapter 5 synopsis and Conclusions-5.1 sum-upThe main aim of this study was was to give out the Jay Laxmi strain Mill, Bazpur in Udham Singh Nagar regularise in the state of Uttarakhand, from its business point of view. It has a nominal capacity of 4000kg/hr. It has been built for the production of raw rice. close to estimates were required to psychoanalyze its favorableness. The economic analysis of the project was carried out using applied science economics equations.The sensibility of NPV, IRR and requital period with respect to dissimilar factors like greet of Capital, paddy price, raw rice price, bran price and alleviate were studied. Also the economy assessing of generating electricity from husk (by product) using strain withdraw Gassifier was done. The minimum electricity destiny that take to be generated from sift take Gasifier for economic purposes was calculated. The following conclusions are bony from the study* For in itial estimated value of input parameters (P = Rs. 90504240, R = Rs. 266664960/year, D= Rs. 223860420/year, S = Rs. 6707544, n = 20 years, i = 15%) * NPV = Rs. 54529825.06* IRR = 25.27%* requital period = 6.34 years* With a variation of 10% in the personify of Capital, from 11% to 20% the NPV decreases substantially from 94 million INR to 22 million INR and requital Period increases from 4.03 increases to 10.95 years. * A large variation could be seen in the NPV i.e. from 324 million INR to -53.5 million INR, when the price of paddy varies from meter INR per quintal to 1350 INR per quintal while IRR increases from 73.26% to 2.99%. * NPV increases from -50.9 million INR to -441.2 million INR and IRR increases from 3.71% to 93.79%, when the price of raw rice varies from 1850 INR per quintal to 2550 INR per quintal.* As the price of Bran increases from special K INR per quintal to 2500 INR per quintal, the NPV and IRR of the firm increases from 11.27 million INR to 141 million INR and 17.20% to 40.76% respectively. * With 1% increase in free value the NPV increase by 0.075%. This increase in the NPV is negligible, therefore, even if the put on resale value of the assets change in the future, it will not affect the calculations done in this case study for the profitability analysis of Jay Laxmi sieve mill. * To be economic at least 68.8% electricity requirement take to be generated from shell Gasifier i.e. the minimum amount of total electricity requirement that should be substituted by the sieve drinking straw Gasifier so that the firm profit as before mountain up of the Rice beat out Gasifier.References-* throng L. Riggs 2004, engineering Economics, quaternary edition, Tata Mc Graw pitchers mound learning snobby Limited, pp 67-147. * Chandra P. 2011, rudiments of financial Management, eleventh edition, Tata Mc Graw agglomerate upbringing reclusive Limited, pp 150-167. * T. Kapur, T. C. Kandpal and H.P. Garg, electricity contemporaries from Rice vanquish in Indian Rice mill about electric potential and financial Viability, Indian demonstrate of Technology, clean Delhi (1995). * Alexis Belonio, Victoriano Ocon, and Antonio Co, Garbage-In Fuel-Out small-scale Rice withdraw Gasifier implant for fellowship passageway Lighting, Suki employment Corporation, Philippines (2011). * e-mail from Gaurav Vashisht (gauravsatakeindia.com) working at Satake, kolkata.