Saturday, January 25, 2020

National ID cards in the UK: Debates For and Against

National ID cards in the UK: Debates For and Against â€Å"Introducing National ID cards in the United Kingdom.† The concept of this scheme to introduce National ID card in the UK, is so that any legal citizen of the United Kingdom should be able to confirm their identity simply by producing this card and therefore prove their right to be within the UK without argument. It will do this by holding enough personal data to specifically identify a person as the individual they are claiming to be without question. You may wonder why the Government feel this a necessary action and it seems the main aim of this scheme is that the National ID card is ultimately intended to assist with law enforcement predominantly in relation to terrorism and organised crime. One of the main criteria for this scheme therefore, is that the cards should not be easily forged so that anyone wishing to flout the law could do so easily. These cards are only intended to hold basic data about a person, only enough to prove their identity. However it seems the definition of this ‘basic data’ seems somewhat ambiguous. Primarily, for example, it is intended that the card will only hold information regarding a persons name, address, date of birth and address etc. Scratch the surface however, and it seems that the actual proposal for the ID card embraces much more technologically sophisticated designs because, as previously stated, it aims to avoid being easily forged. Therefore it is intended that it will also hold ‘biometric data,’ that is to say, data that proves a much more physical individuality, such as fingerprint impressions or iris scans. It will do this through implementing the opportunities now made available to us through the ever advancing forms of ICT (Information and Communication Technology). All this in mind it seems the introduction of National ID cards within the United Kingdom seems to be one of the most politically sensitive topics around at this current moment, with people arguing both in support and opposition of the scheme, regarding whether it will protect or control us. In the aftermath of September the 11th we had perhaps become more aware than we had been previously, that we were vulnerable to attack from Terrorists who despised the Western Capitalist Culture such as that which exists both within the UK and America where the attack took place. It was a shock to thousands, if not millions of us all over the world, as we were humbled to witness the devastation that this attack, and attacks like it can cause. For those in support of the National ID card, they claim that terrorist attacks would mean that it would be much more problematic for a terrorist trying to initiate a plan via an assumed false identity because of the designs previously outlined. The idea is that the authorities would question them too vigorously once they inevitably failed to produce a valid ID card, and therefore be obstruct their terrorist strategies. Indeed one of the most adamant supporters of this argument is Mr David Blunkett who is quoted as saying; â€Å"The ability to prove ones identity reliably is an ever-more important aspect of modern life.† (www.publictechnology.net/modules) Indeed Mr Blunketts perspective on this issue is that it represents the answer to our living in fear of attack, as the cards are proposed to be so technologically advanced they will be impossible to forge. Whether this is a valid claim remains to be seen. In addition, the scheme is also seen as a solution to serious and organised crime with the UK and also seemingly much more everyday issues such assisting in the efficiency of public services. Bases persuasive techniques on the basis that those with nothing to hide will only benefit. From this we can see both what the National ID card is intended to be, and why the Government in the main, support this scheme, particularly in light of the ‘War Against Terrorism†. However as previously mentioned, the National ID card scheme is a sensitive current affair and does seem to be becoming an increasing Political Hot Potato with concerns raising particularly in relation to our Human Right to privacy and how these may possibly be infringed upon by advancing forms of ICT. Even though a person may have nothing to hide they may feel that the schemes enforces extra control over them rather than protecting them. Despite assurances from the Government that only very basic data will be held on these cards and that only the Government and ourselves (subject to the Data Protection Act 1998) will have a right to access the information, we are aware that in order to make these cards practically impossible to forge the link has to be made between sophisticated forms of ICT in order to incorporate features such iris scans and fingerprint impressions etc. As a consequence of this, the use of modern technology seems to have caused panic through an idea that we will become a society under the constant supervision of ‘Big Brother’ and that everyone could potentially know our business. In short, there is an opposition to the National ID card as it is suggested it will impact upon our civil rights to privacy, and that rather than the scheme being one to protect us, it would ultimately become one to control us in perhaps what could be identified as a communist trait and therefore undermine the very structure of our current Capitalist society. Indeed an entire website named say ‘No2ID and the Database State’ is based on the very foundation of this argument. In comparison to the Governments webpage (www.identitycards.gov.uk) of ‘frequently asked questions,’ which only briefly touches on the issue. Notably only one question on this page related to ICT specifically and that didn’t really address the concern of ICT exposing our business, rather it related only to defining biometric data; â€Å"A biometric is a unique identifying physical characteristic. Examples include facial recognition, iris patterns and fingerprints.†( www.identitycards.gov.uk) Basically it would seem that those in oppostion tend to be in fear because the design of the cards is intended to be so advanced that most of us will not be able to fully understand the extent to which we are monitored by this scheme. In essence there seems to be an almost operantly conditioned response amongst the opposition, based on previous experience that our human rights will be sacrificed against our will and thus demolish the UK’s characteristic liberal approach to civil rights and its Capitalist structure. For example, as recently as the 27th November 2005 it was revealed by the Mail on Sunday that the database for the Driver Vehicle and Licensing Agency (DVLA) is actually profiting by selling ‘our’ data to would be wheel clampers. The scenario being that for a small fee, car park attendants and wheel clampers could forward bills to motorists home addresses because they were provided with them by the DVLA. Indeed the DVLA were exposed as even allowing one wheel clamping company to purchase the information (for as little as  £2.50 per transaction) whose two bosses were actually already in prison for crimes of extorting money from the Motorist. From this we can see that even when respected organisations such as the DVLA are allowed to hold personal data on us we can sometimes be exploited in the pursuit of profit and therefore we can perhaps begin to understand the concerns arising over the National ID card. All this in mind, it is perhaps now relevant to apply this knowledge in order to assess how the scheme will affect the current structure of society within the UK. As a quick overview the UK exists as a Capitalist Society, which thrives on a democratic government and allows us our civil human rights such as the right to privacy. This would seem quite a positive description, especially in light of how civil rights have so vehemently been fought for in the past, particularly in relation to the movement to support the rights of black people that took place in America during the 1960’s. Indeed it is important to acknowledge that both those who support and oppose the scheme do so because they are fearful for the survival of that political societal structure, despite the extremities of approach to the topic i.e., 1. by believing the cards will protect us, or 2) that they will to undermine us. For those in support of the National ID card, it is perhaps a representation of reformism. Meaning that it seems to be an example of a Political Policy ‘whose object is to modify a political practice or aspect of social legislation without changing the fundamental political social structure.’ (Jary D Jary J, 1999) Yet for those in opposition that is not the case and the National ID would in fact change the fundamental political social structure. If as suggested by those in opposition to the scheme that we will become a ‘database state’ surely we are changing the fundamental political structure of our society as we seem to be relinquishing a great deal of our privacy in order to accommodate such concepts. The concern is that we may perhaps ‘sleep walk’ our way over to a more politically left / socialist standpoint and therefore sacrifice our Capitalist structure which arguably at this point in time defines the UK. If this is the case then we cou ld perhaps argue that the decision to defend ourselves against terrorists would in fact actually result in us allowing the terrorists to win, as the Capitalist structure would in fact wither naturally. One of the most prevalent characteristics of society within the United Kingdom is surely that of Capitalism, and indeed one of the main reasons we are vulnerable to terrorist attacks by organisations like Al-Qaeda who oppose it. Whilst there are variations to the definitions of Capitalism as it is notoriously difficult to define, it would seem that the rejection of centralised control is one of the most prevalent motivations of a Capitalist structure. If we were to take on board those, for example who adamantly profess to say No2ID, then we would arguably be acting in the interest on maintaining our social structure of a Capitalist state as they are rejecting avenues for an influx of databases that may ultimately result in a society which will exist via centralised control in this case through the medium of databases. What’s next providing babies with barcodes? What makes this topic so complex henceforth is that those who are on the other of the fence and support scheme such as Mr Blunkett are in fact motivated by this very same desire to preserve and protect our Capitalist state, and so it seems that this is one of the rare political topics that actually where the aim is actually agreed upon by the majority of the nation even if the method is disputed. As alluded to earlier all sorts of arguments exist in relation to the ID card and specifically the impact ICT. We might feel that we could be blinded by science and exploited. We might also be justified in feeling that our personal privacy would be exploited by corrupt people in power (as is alleged to have happened via the DVLA), however it is also felt a necessary ploy in order to avoid counterfeit duplication. All possibly valid arguments, however, what hasn’t been discussed is the actual practical application of this scheme. If, we were to embrace Mr Blunketts main reasoning for the scheme, then surely Police would be encouraged to stereotype and stop those who they felt could possibly be terrorists. In light of the threat from Al-Qaeda this is surely likely to result in a cultural divide, as they would likely stop Asian people thought to dominate the Islamic religion, rather than white people. In relation to the topic of the Civil Rights movement, mentioned earlier, we wo uld arguably be promoting a shift back towards racism. Since the UK is a place that manages to embrace aspects of Liberalism (a concept which promotes such tolerance of religion and personal and economic freedom) without challenging the Capitalism in society, the introduction of the ID card would arguably be a backlash against such positive traits and be quite disappointing. Whether in support of the ID card or in extreme opposition, it does seem that it is inevitable as talks persist and plans continue. It would seem that both sides of this argument have a substantial weight to them. However, change and diversity within society is surely inevitable. It’s surely what defines our history and characterises our culture. For the UK, it would seem that the National ID card will be one of those most significant changes to occur in the next few years. Yet surely it is better to evolve than remain in a static culture otherwise we would never advance. Surely a risk is worth taking even if we are not always in agreement or sure of the consequences. Bibliography Cushing, S (2001) Information and Communication Technology: London: Letts Educational Donnellan, C (2004) Protecting Our Privacy: Cambridge: MWL Print Group Jary, D Jary, J. (1999) Sociology: Leicester: HarperCollins Publishers Websites www.identitycards.gov.uk http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3568468.stm www.news-from-newspapers.com/en/Wikipedia.org/2005/04/21/Capitalism.html http://www.no2id.net/ www.publictechnology.net/modules) http://www.spy.org.uk/spyblog/2005/11/ (Mail on Sunday 27th November 2005) http://www.timesonline.co.uk

Friday, January 17, 2020

Business Now: Change Is the Only Constant Essay

Review Questions What factors contribute to the rapid pace of change in business? Is the pace likely to accelerate or decrease over the next decade? Why? Financial Institutions got a bailout By President Obama in 2009, Mortgage values dropped, financial institutions begin to Feel the pressure especially firms such as Bear Stearns that specialized in trading Mortgage backed securities. There was $61.7bn in losses with AIG, strong economy Out of more jobs can accelerate the next decade, there be a budget deficit. AIG got A $180bn bailout; while Bank of America got $45bn as well as JP Morgan Chase $25bn, Goldman Sachs got $10bn. The Rapid pace of change in business is the Internet, Cellphones and exposure on television. What role does entrepreneurship play in the economy? Who stands to gain from the success of individual entrepreneurs? How do other parties benefit?People risk their Time, money and other resources to start and manage a business. But, They also Give hope to a better workforce. A lot of people; who are unemployed such as myself Right now will find jobs that are more flexible and challenging, working for big and Small business owners. When did American business begin to concentrate on customer needs? Why? Value of Certain Products begin to go up. High Gas Prices from $1.25 to $4.25, The Cost of a loaf Of Bread is $2.79, the cost of dishwashing liquid about a $1.00, Purchase of products, By Consumers. How do nonprofit organizations compare to businesses? What role do nonprofits play in The economy? How do they interact with businesses? Nonprofits help you learn and Grow. Other businesses turn profit on sales and smart-buying. Nonprofits being Organizations such those with Computers would be nonprofit. Consumer goods help the Community. What are the factors of production? How can economies grow when one or more of the factors is weak? Strong Communication, partnerships, Business Plan and Ethics. Some Businesses fall, because of greed or a scandal, based upon greed or otherwise, more so, Lack of Strong Communication, partnerships, no business plan, no Ethics. What are the 5 dimensions of the business environment? Discuss the key elements in each area as they relate to U.S.-based businesses. Dimension of Business Environment | Key Elements | The Economic | Jobs,Income, Inflation, Interest rates, Productivity, and Wealth that influence the buying behavior, of Consumers and institutions. | The Competitive The Workforce Advantage | A part of the Company’s External Environment Yield’s Tangible, bottom line results. Consisting of other firms Trying win customers in the same market. It is the Segment of the Industry that includes all immediate Rivals. | The Technological Environment | Includes any tools that business can use to become More efficient. Change in Technology can affect The Company. Any tools, be Computers, Telecommunications, and other digital products. Motivated Apple Employees help create satisfied Apple Customers. | The Global Environment | The U.S. Economy operates within the Context of the Global Environment, interacting continually with other Economies. | The Global Environment/ Ethics and Social Responsibility | In fact, over the last two decades, technology and free Trade have blurred the lines between individual Economies around the world. Technology has forged Unprecedented links among countries, making it cost Effective-even efficient to establish computer help Centers in Bombay to service customers in Boston, or To hire Programmers in Buenos Aires to make websites For Companies in Stockholm. Plus, Global Trade has Forged unprecedented links among nations such as Los Angeles, New York, London, Moscow and Tokyo. | What are some key strategies for developing a competitive edge in today’s competitive global market? How important is customer satisfaction? Plans for Globalization and Global Reach, Region-Specific Marketing to name a few strategies. How has the rise of the World Wide Web changed business practices? What are the benefits and drawbacks for business? For consumers? How has the definition of diversity changed over time? Can a diverse workforce help a company compete more effectively? How? How has the global free trade movement impacted business? Who benefits? Why? Who loses? Why? Application Questions Take a moment to jot down 5 things that you love to do. Think broadly (but keep it clean). Your list could include anything from posting pictures on Facebook to listening to your favorite music. Then brainstorm a list of business careers that could encompass two or more of your passions. A position in nightclub marketing, for instance, could include surfing on Facebook and listening to great music. What skills would you need to succeed in each position? Which skills do you have and which would you need to develop? Most successful businesses today actively develop loyal customers who buy their brands again and again. After all, getting current customers to buy more is much easier than constantly seeking new customers. Think of three brands that you buy on a regular basis. Why do you stick to these products? How could another company dislodge you? Entrepreneurship has clearly transformed the world economy. Choose 3 successful entrepreneurs, and use research to compare and contrast their management styles and philosophies. While you can certainly use local entrepreneurs—or even family members—some higher profile (and rather colorful) entrepreneurs include: Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon; Debbi Fields, founder of Mrs. Fields Cookies; Richard Branson, founder of the Virgin Group; Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop; and Vishal Gondal, founder of Indiagames. If you were an entrepreneur, what approach do you think would be most effective for you? Why? Brainstorm a list of industries that the Internet has transformed. What are the reasons behind the changes? How do you anticipate that technology will transform business in the future? Use research to develop a list of companies where you believe you would like to work. What qualities do these companies have in common? Does a great work environment lead to success, or does success create a great place to work? When employees enjoy the work environment is a company more likely to succeed? Why or why not? Team Project Companies that constantly innovate are clearly more likely to succeed in today’s hyper-competitive, global environment. Breakthrough ideas tend to come from business owners and employees who regularly exercise their creativity. This team project is meant to help you work with your classmates to flex your creative muscles. Break into groups of 3 to 5 people. Choose a product or service that you all buy on a regular basis. (Possibilities could include anything from a movie studio to a local pizza place.) Write a brief description of how the product is positioned in the marketplace relative to its competition. Then work together to figure out why you are loyal customers and how the competition could dislodge you over the next five years. Write a one page plan to solidify your position in the market place Consider changing everything from the product features to the advertising venues. Share your plan with the class and gather feedback about how well it might work. Case Connections Do the good guys really finish first? Unfortunately, at one time or another, pretty much everyone has experienced the energy-sucking downer of working for a mean boss, or playing on a team with a cranky coach, or even just hanging out with a friend or family member in a rotten mood. Research in the Harvard Business Review points out that moods are highly contagious and that moods that start at the top are the most â€Å"catching† of all because everyone watches the boss and tends to take their emotional cues from him or her. In fact, research shows that work teams across diverse industries end up sharing moods – both good and bad – within two hours. Interestingly, genuine cheerfulness and warmth spread most quickly, irritability more slowly, and depression most slowly. While few can argue that working for an upbeat, inspirational, optimistic boss is more fun, positive experience, there is less agreement about whether the boss’s mood impacts the organization’s bottom line. The key arguments: The boss’s mood matters: The Harvard Business Review reports that â€Å"A cranky and ruthless boss creates a toxic organization filled with negative underachievers who ignores opportunities; an inspirational, inclusive leader spawns acolytes for whom any challenge is surmountable. The final link in the chain is performance: profit or loss. Earlier research conducted at Cornell found that an upbeat environment fosters mental efficiency, making people better at taking in and understanding information, at using decision rules in complex judgments and at being flexible in their thinking. Sometimes it takes a kick in the pants†¦ Some people argue that a more â€Å"rough and tumble† leader scares people out of complacency and into a high performance zone that they might not otherwise reach. Oft-cited examples: Bill Gates, one of the richest, most successful people in the world, was widely known for his harsh (practically abusive) management style at Microsoft, but no one can deny the extraordinary dominance of Microsoft products over the course of decades. Steve Jobs, the creative genius behind Apple, is reputed to have been a nightmarish boss. According to Stanford management professor Robert Sutton, â€Å"The degree to which people in Silicon Valley are afraid of Jobs is unbelievable. He made people feel terrible; he made people cry.† You decide: After reading both set of arguments, which do you find most compelling? Why? Knowing that at the very least, an upbeat, inspirational, optimistic boss is more pleasant, what concrete steps can a grumpy manager take to change his or her temperament? Solicit feedback on your temperament from your friends, family, classmates, peers, and co-workers, analyze the feedback and develop an action plan to make any changes that you believe might be helpful to you in your career. Sources: Primal Leadership: The Hidden Driver of Great Performance by Daniel Goleman, Rihard Boyatizis and Annie McKee, Breakthrough Leadership, Harvard Business Review, pages 42 – 51. December 2001; The Trouble with Steve Jobs, by Romain Moisesoct, allaboutstevejobs.com, accessed August 17, 2010.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

Maud Wood Park Woman Suffragist

Dates: January 25, 1871 - May 8, 1955 Known for: the first president of the League of Women Voters; credited with organizing success for the Nineteenth Amendment through her lobbying skill Maud Wood Park Biography Maud Wood Park was born Maud Wood, daughter of Mary Russell Collins and James Rodney Wood. She was born and grew up in Boston, Massachusetts, where she attended school until she went to  St. Agnes School in Albany, New York. She taught school for five years and then attended Radcliffe College, graduating in 1898 summa cum laude. She became active in the woman suffrage movement, one of only two students in her class of 72 to favor women voting. When she was a teacher in Bedford, Massachusetts, before she started college, she became secretly engaged to Charles Park, who boarded at the same home she did.   They married, also secretly, while she was at Radcliffe. They lived near Denison House, a Boston settlement house, where Maud Wood Park became involved in social reform. He died in 1904. From her time as a student, she was active in the Massachusetts Suffrage  League. Three years after graduation, she was a co-founder of the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government, which worked both for suffrage and for government reform. She helped organize chapters of the College Equal Suffrage League. In 1909, Maud Wood Park found a sponsor, Pauline Agassiz Shaw, who funded her travel abroad in exchange for agreeing to work for three years for the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government. Just before she left, she married, again secretly, and this marriage was not publicly acknowledged. This husband, Robert Hunter, was a theatrical manager who traveled frequently, and the two did not live together. On returning, Park resumed her suffrage work, including organizing for a Massachusetts referendum on woman suffrage. She became friends with Carrie Chapman Catt, head of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. In 1916, Park was invited by the National American Woman Suffrage Association to head its lobbying committee in Washington, D.C.   Alice Paul was, by this time, working with the Womans Party and advocating for more militant tactics, creating tension within the suffrage movement. The House of Representatives passed the suffrage amendment in 1918, and the Senate defeated the amendment by two votes. The suffrage movement targeted Senate races in several states, and womens organizing helped defeat senators from Massachusetts and New Jersey, sending pro-suffrage senators to Washington in their places. In 1919, the suffrage amendment won the House vote easily and then passed the Senate, sending the amendment to the states, where it was ratified in 1920. After the Suffrage Amendment Park helped turn the National American Woman Suffrage Association from a suffrage organization into a more general organization promoting education among women voters and lobbying on womens rights. The new name was the League of Women Voters, a nonpartisan organization designed to help train women to exercise their new citizenship rights. Park helped create, with Ethel Smith, Mary Stewart, Cora Baker, Flora Sherman and others the Special Committee, the lobbying arm that won the Sheppard-Towner Act. She lectured on womens rights and politics, and helped lobby for the World Court and against the Equal Rights Amendment, fearing the latter would do away with protective legislation for women, one of the causes Park was interested in. She was also involved in winning the Cable Act of 1922, giving citizenship to married women independent of their husbands citizenship. She worked against child labor. In 1924, ill health led to her resignation from the League of Women Voters, continuing to lecture and to volunteer time working for womens rights. She was succeeded at the League of Women Voters by Belle Sherwin. In 1943, in retirement in Maine, she donated her papers to Radcliffe College as the core of a Womens Archive. This evolved into the Schlesinger Library.   She moved in 1946 back to Massachusetts  and died in 1955.

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Career as a Military Officer Essay - 3869 Words

Career as a Military Officer I. Text research Definition: A military officer, a member of the U.S. Armed Forces, is responsible for the protection of U.S. citizens. This is a broad responsibility however and each officer has a distinct role that (s) he plays in the maintenance of national defense. As a member of the military, an officer signs a contract and must serve a number of years before retirement is possible. There are five branches of the U.S. Armed Forces. The Army is the senior service and fight mostly on land. They had around 572,000 personnel in 1993. The Navy is seaborne the force of the U.S. Naval officers and enlisted spend long periods at sea and travel all about the world. In 1993 the Navy had about 510,000†¦show more content†¦More American soldiers died in the Civil War than any other war. Balloons were used during the Civil War, which was the first use of aircraft by the U.S. military. In 1892 a Balloon Corps was established as part of the Army’s Signal Corps and in 1907 a separate Aeronautical Division was created. The U.S. showed its true military prowess in World War I. Air power had proven i tself extremely important and brought about great strategic changes. The Army Air Service was established in 1918 as a separate service though it remained under the Army’s direction. The National Defense Act of 1920 made an order far as standing army of 300,000 men, with additional reserves, but a shortage of funds and social influence led to an era of isolationism for America. At the time Europe entered World War II, America’s Army was only 150,000 active personnel. America was forced to enter World War II after the surprise attack as Pearl Harbor and at its height there were 13 million Americans between all the branches of the Armed Services. Air superiority played a major role in the allied victory of World War II and following the war, in 1947, the Air Force was created. All five branches were unified under the Department of Defense 2 years later. The Coast Guard was placed under the Department of Transportation however, except during wartime when it operates a par t of the Navy. Post-World War II America was far from isolationism and was quite involved in foreign affairs. TheShow MoreRelatedLaw Enforcement Careers Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pagesminute which just adds unnecessary stress. I had an idea of what I wanted my future career to be but was still not 100% sure at the time. It was not until I did more research that I decided law enforcement was the career path for me. I feel as though that’s what my destiny is, what I was meant to do. I cannot imagine myself doing anything else, except for the military which also ties into law enforcement (MP-military police). Recently I was looking through some of my old yearbooks. I came across aRead MoreAbstract. 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